Learning Check 4.1
1. According to the text, for which type of studies examining deterrence does the “experiential effect” pose the biggest threat of biased results?
a. longitudinal studies
b. aggregate studies
c. cross-sectional studies
2. According to the text, when looking at the results from the various waves of studies examining deterrence, which element of punishment has shown the most consistent deterrent effect?
a. The perceived certainty of getting caught.
b. The perceived severity of the punishment/sentence.
c. The perceived swiftness of being punished.
d. They are all about equally important.
3. According to the text, which type of studies, by definition, use data collected at a single point in time?
a. longitudinal
b. aggregate
c. cross-sectional
Learning Check 4.2
1. According to the text, which theorists first proposed the rational choice theory of criminal behavior?
a. Clarke and Cornish
b. Gottfredson and Hirschi
c. Sampson and Laub
d. Cohen and Felson
e. Sykes and Matza
2. According to the text, which theorists first proposed the routine activities theory of crime?
a. Clarke and Cornish
b. Gottfredson and Hirschi
c. Sampson and Laub
d. Cohen and Felson
e. Sykes and Matza
3. According to the text, what is NOT one of the elements of routine activities theory that create a likely crime opportunity?
a. motivated offender
b. suitable/attractive target
c. time of day/night
d. absence of guardianship
