Learning Check 3.1
1. According to the text, which type of theory was dominant throughout most of human civilization?
a. rational/deterrence
b. psychological/Freudian
c. supernatural/religious
d. positive/empirical
2. According to the text, what concept was NOT one of the key propositions of the Age of Enlightenment theorists?
a. democracy
b. social contract
c. determinism
d. free will
e. rationality
3. According to the text, which emotion did Hobbes claim was the motivation for groups of people both creating a state/government and enforcing its laws/rules?
a. shame
b. fear
c. guilt
d. empathy
Learning Check 3.2
1. Beccaria’s seminal work, published in 1764, regarding criminal justice reforms was titled (translated from Italian) __________.
a. The Criminal Man
b. A General Theory of Crime
c. On Crimes and Punishments
d. Criminals in the Making
2. According to the text, Beccaria proposed the use of the following in his book to make the criminal justice system more effective.
a. jury trials
b. secret/anonymous accusations
c. public trials
d. all of these
3. According to the text, Beccaria believed that the death penalty/capital punishment could be an effective deterrent if done correctly. True or false?
4. According to the text, Beccaria claimed that punishments should be based on __________.
a. actus reus
b.mens rea
Learning Check 3.3
1. According to the text, which element of deterrence did Beccaria believe was the most important in ensuring that individuals were deterred from committing crime?
a. swiftness of punishment
b. certainty of being caught
c. severity of punishment/sentences
d. all were equally important
2. According to the text, Beccaria claimed which crime was the absolute worst offense?
a. murder
b. rape
c. robbery
d. treason
3. According to the text, Beccaria’s book was well received by dictators around the world, even in those countries with draconian criminal justice systems. True or false?
