Learning Check 12.1
1. __________ is determined through the use of socially agreed on biological criteria.
2. __________ is a product of social “doings.”
3. Engaging in a __________ relationship usually involves a bartering system in which men hold a more powerful status than do women.
4. The idea of __________ is that women need to be protected for their own good. __________ is a social, legal, and political climate founded on male dominance and hierarchy.
Answer: paternalism; patriarchy
Learning Check 12.2
1. __________ feminism has also been termed mainstream feminism.
2. According to the __________ feminist perspective, gender is a system of male dominance, and women’s biology is the main cause of patriarchy.
3. Some have maintained that there are two types of radical feminism: __________ and __________.
Answer: libertarian; cultural
4. The __________ feminist perspective views class relations as primary and gender relations as secondary.
5. The __________ feminist perspective rejects traditional assumptions about truth and reality and emphasizes the plurality, diversity, and multiplicity of women as distinct from men.
Learning Check 12.3
1. According to __________, the criminality of women is primarily due to their ability to mask or hide their criminal behavior.
2. __________ maintained that women are inferior to men; this is primarily due to women’s sex organs being inferior to men’s sex organs.
3. Lombroso’s theory has been designated as __________ determinism.
4. According to Thomas, maleness is “katabolic” and femaleness is ___________.
Learning Check 12.4
1. When one uses an existing theoretical perspective based on males and adds women, this is referred to as “__________.”
Answer: add women and stir
2. The __________ is also referred to as the emancipation hypothesis.
Answer: liberation thesis
3. The __________-__________ theory attempts to explain gender differences in delinquency rates by including family dynamics.
4. Some scholars maintain that approaches to assess __________ are based on biases established by, and for, individuals of privilege.
5. The __________ research approach attempts to determine life experiences, particularly childhood ones, that place one at risk of offending.