1. __________ theories focus on social or personal factors that prevent individuals from engaging in selfish, antisocial behavior.
Answer: Control
2. According to Sutherland, criminality is __________.
Answer: learned
3. __________ assumes that animals, as well as people, learn through associations between stimuli and responses.
Answer: Classical conditioning
4. According to Glaser, __________ is when learning takes place not only through people close to us but also through other reference groups.
Answer: differential association
Learning Check 10.2
1. Burgess and Akers, in their differential reinforcement theory, integrated Sutherland’s work with the learning models of __________ conditioning and modeling/imitation.
Answer: operant
2. The differential reinforcement perspective assumes that individuals are born with a __________ __________.
Answer: blank slate or tabula rasa
3. According to Sykes and Matza, youths engaging in criminal behavior are still partially committed to the dominant __________ __________.
Answer: social order
4. People use certain methods, or __________ __________, to justify their criminal behavior.
Answer: techniques of neutralization
Learning Check 10.3
1. Which theorist(s) developed the theory of drift?
a. Gottfredson and Hirschi
b. Tittle
c. Hagan
d. Matza
Answer: D
2. Which theorist(s) developed the integrated theory of power-control?
a. Gottfredson and Hirschi
b. Tittle
c. Hagan
d. Matza
Answer: C
3. Which theory emphasizes the concepts of control deficit and control surplus?
