After reading this chapter, you should be able to

1. Identify reasons that the states established free and universal education.

2. Describe the practical and pedagogical reasons for the establishment of schools by the age of children.

3. List some of the people and events that have been influential in determining school curricula in the nation’s schools.

4. Analyze some of the historical events that have resulted in different educational experiences among students from diverse racial and ethnic groups.

5. Identify changes in the professional lives of teachers between the 19th century and now.