After reading Chapter 4, you should be able to:

• Discuss the evolution of parent professional partnerships.
   
• Describe the four key elements of a family systems model for understanding the impact of a disability on the family constellation.
   
• Identify the emotional responses associated with the stages of parents’ reaction to their child’s disability.
   
• Summarize the effects of an individual with a disability on family members.
   
• Explain how a family’s cultural and linguistic background influences its reaction to a disability.