After reading this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Delineate the between-subjects design and the between-subjects experimental design.
2. Distinguish between an experimental group and a control group.
3. Explain how random assignment, control by matching, and control by holding constant can make individual differences about the same between groups.
4. Identify the appropriate sampling method and test statistic for independent samples to compare differences between two group means, and among two or more groups.
5. Delineate the within-subjects design and the within-subjects experimental design.
6. Demonstrate the use of counterbalancing and control for timing using a within-subjects experimental design.
7. Identify the appropriate sampling method and test statistic for related samples to compare differences between two or more group means.
8. Contrast the use of a between-subjects versus a within-subjects design for an experiment.
9. Identify the appropriate sampling method for a factorial design used in an experiment.
10. Identify and describe three types of factorial designs.
11. Identify the implications of using a quasiindependent factor in a factorial design.
12. Describe the higher-order factorial design.