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Journal Article 1: Dolcini, M. M., Cohn, L. D., Adler, N. E., Millstein, S. G., Irwin, C. E., Kegeles, S. M., & Stone, G. C. (1989). Adolescent egocentrism and feelings of invulnerability: Are they related? The Journal of Early Adolescence, 9, 409–418. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431689094003

Abstract: This study examined the relationship between adolescent egocentrism and perceptions of risk in a sample of 458 middle school adolescents. Enright’s Adolescent Egocentrism Scale (AES) and Elkind’s Imaginary Audience Scale (IAS) were used to assess egocentrism. Analyses revealed unexpected findings regarding the relationship of the two egocentrism scales to risk perception. For females, high scores on the AES were associated with perceptions of high risk, and high scores on the IAS were weakly related to perceptions of low risk. Neither scale was related to risk perceptions for males. Theoretical and measurement issues are discussed.

Journal Article 2: Stander, V., & Jensen, L. (1993). The relationship of value orientation to moral cognition: Gender and cultural differences in the United States and China explored. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 24, 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022193241003

Abstract: This research explores the proposition of Gilligan’s 1982 work that there are two possible moral orientations—justice and caring. She takes issue with the work of Kohlberg because his stage theory proceeds toward a single orientation of justice and autonomy. Both women and non-Western cultures have been accused of failure to achieve Kohlberg’s post conventional (justice-oriented) stage of moral reasoning. It was hypothesized that this is because they favor a caring ethic. The World View Questionnaire was administered to groups of American and Chinese students. The results found that women favor a caring orientation. The Chinese population quite significantly favored a justice orientation. This last result may be evidence of patterns of change in Chinese value systems.