Chapter 12 details the study of implementation, that is, the execution of laws. Defining success and failure, understanding the redefinition of goals throughout the process, and selecting standards such as efficiency and accountability are all aspects of implementation. Practical uncertainty, inadequate resources, organizational problems, uneven leadership, and dependence on others are factors that can hinder successful implementation.

Many implementation problems plague the federal government administration of grants, regulations, and off-budget programs. Implementation can be affected by uncertainty, lack of resources, organizational problems, and problems with leadership. To increase capacity, the government may consider contracting.  Contracting government services to the private sector can provide advantages such as cost reduction but also may bring disadvantages such as corruption. Feedback is key for effective implementation.