The following publications provide discussions for defining terrorism and terrorism’s underlying

extremist motivations:

Carr, Mat thew. The Infernal Machine: A History of Terrorism. New York: New Press, 2007.

Gerstenfeld, Phyllis B. Hate Crimes: Causes, Controls, and Controversies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2013.

Hamm, Mark S., ed. Hate Crime: International Perspectives on Causes and Control. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson, 1994.

Howard, Lawrence, ed. Terrorism: Roots, Impact, Responses. New York: Praeger, 1992.

Kassimeris, George, ed. Playing Politics With Terrorism: A User’s Guide. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.

Laqueur, Walter. The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Lawrence, Frederick M. Punishing Hate: Bias Crimes Under American Law. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002.

Sederberg, Peter C. Terrorist Myths: Illusion, Rhetoric, and Reality. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1989.