Define and explain the nature of nonassociative learning.

• Explain what fixed action patterns are, and identify some examples.
• Relate some examples of fixed action patterns, and discuss whether humans display them.
• Define habituation, and explain how it is relevant to human behavior.

Explain what Pavlov learned from his experiments with salivating dogs.

• Describe how Pavlov’s work on classical conditioning influenced how we understand learning.
• Describe how classical conditioning works and its relevance to human behavior.
• Discuss whether it is possible to condition new fears or preferences and whether bodily functions can be conditioned similarly.

Distinguish between operant conditioning and classical conditioning.

• Describe the principles of operant conditioning and how this type of conditioning is applied today.
• Explain the principles of reinforcement and punishment and distinguish between the two.
• Discuss how behaviorists explain the persistence of maladaptive behaviors like gambling.
• Identify the biological and cognitive perspectives on operant conditioning.

Summarize the process of observational learning and how this type of learning is applied today.

• Define observational learning.
• Discuss whether learning by imitation is a uniquely human form of learning.
• Identify the kinds of behaviors that are learned by observation, and explain how the process works.