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Journal Article 1: Manning, P. K. (2005). The study of policing. Police Quarterly, 8(1), 23–43.

Abstract: The police are legitimate, bureaucratically articulated organizations that stand ready to use force to sustain political order. Anglo-American policing (AAP) is democratic policing: It eschews torture, terrorism, and counterterrorism, is guided by law, and seeks minimal damage to civility. Research on AAP, a policing type developed by adaptation rather than conquest (refined by Peel and exported to Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and the United States) in the United Kingdom and the United States, is reviewed. Police studies, like policing itself, is based on material, political, and cultural interests that pattern the production and distribution of knowledge. Interests in the United States and the United Kingdom are summarized, and the origins, key figures in studies of policing, the emergence of police scholarship, and some differences between the United Kingdom and the United States in funding, education, and training are outlined. There remain tensions between public pressures for short-term-funded research and theoretically grounded scholarship. The paper ends with reflections on the future of police studies.