Students who read this chapter should be able to do the following:

2.1 Evaluate the meaning of sex differences.

2.2 Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

2.3 Describe meta-analyses and how to interpret effect sizes of different magnitudes.

2.4 Analyze methodological challenges and biases in sex and gender research.

2.5 Discuss the principles of gender-fair research design and the issues of diversity in sex and gender research.