Students who read this chapter should be able to do the following:

12.1 Describe the major causes of mortality for men and women and how they have changed over time.

12.2 Explain biological and social causes for gender gaps in health and longevity.

12.3 Analyze the roles of race, social class, sexual orientation, gender identity, and intersectionality in physical health.

12.4 Explain key issues that result from the medicalization of sexual and reproductive health.