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Piquero, N. L., Carmichael, S., & Piquero, A. R. (2008). of White-Collar and Street Crimes, (2003), 291–312.

Description: Piquero, Carmichael and Piquero studied the perception people had regarding the seriousness of white collar crime compared to street crime.  Using several scenarios, the authors asked people which crime was more serious and then examined those answers in relation to several demographic variables.

Perry, B., & Alvi, S. (2012). “We are all vulnerable”: The in terrorem effects of hate crimes. International Review of Victimology, 18(1), 57–71.

Description: Perry and Alvi examine the impact of hate crimes on not only the primary victim but also the people who share the characteristic that motivated that crime.  Their analysis provides insight in to how wide spread the effects of a hate crime can be throughout a “vulnerable” population.