After reading this chapter, you should be able to:

• Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of Sigmund Freud’s theories within the social context of the early twentieth century.
• Consider the ways in which Alfred Adler’s individual psychology and Carl Jung’s analytical psychology diverged from traditional psychoanalysis.
• Explain the psychoanalytic perspectives of Melanie Klein and Karen Horney and the influence they have had on contemporary psychology.
• Appraise Anna Freud’s contributions to developmental psychology.