After reading this chapter, you should be able to:

• Appraise the contributions of Wilhelm Wundt to the establishment of psychology as an experimental science.
• Evaluate the contributions of Wundt’s students, in particular James McKeen Cattell, Lightner Witmer, James Mark Baldwin, and Hugo Münsterberg.
• Critique Edward Titchener’s structural approach to psychology.
• Assess the contributions of Titchener’s students, in particular Margaret Washburn, Edwin Boring, J. P. Guilford, and June Etta Downey.