1. What is epigenesis best described as?

1. The sequence of socially defined and age graded events and roles that the individual enacts over time
    
2. An organised set of expectations about the world
    
3. Interaction of genes and environment               
    
4. The acquisition of behaviour through observation

2. Evolutionary theory includes such theorists as:

1. Geary, Bjorkland and Bronfenbrenner
    
2. Darwin, Geary and Bjorkland, Buss
    
3. Buss, Erikson and Watson
    
4. Darwin, Freud, Skinner

3. Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development proposed eight stages. Which of the following best represents two of these stages?

1. ‘Basic trust versus mistrust’ and ‘superego’
    
2. ‘Interindividual’ and ‘initiative versus guilt’
    
3. ‘Industry versus inferiority’ and ‘ego integrity versus despair’
    
4. ‘Critical period’ and ‘sensitive period

4. Havighurst proposed that successful achievement of developmental tasks leads to happiness and success with later tasks. Which of the following best describes these tasks?

1. Infancy, adolescence and early adulthood        
    
2. Mesosystem, exosystem and macrosystem       
    
3. Cohort effect, period effect and agency                               
    
4. Sensorimotor, preoperational and concrete operational stages

5. Observational learning (or modeling) is defined as:

1. The type of learning where the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring can be increased by reinforcements and decreased by punishments
    
2. That period when an organism is biologically prepared to acquire a particular flavour
    
3. The acquisition of a behaviour through the observation or limitation of others around
    
4. The consequences of a behaviour that increases the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring

6. The quotation of Buss (1995, p. 24) that ‘any reasonably comprehensive theory of human development must include an account of where people come from, where they are going and how long they live’ is an idealism of which approach to developmental theory?

1. Behaviourism and social learning theory
    
2. Evolutionary developmental theory
    
3. Psychosocial theory
    
4. Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of development

7. Which of the following statements is not representative of psychodynamic theory?

1. ‘Has roots in the thinking of Sigmund Freud’
    
2. ‘More influential in therapeutic contexts than in developmental theory’
    
3. ‘Emphasises the belief that forces or dynamics within the individual are responsible for our behaviour’
    
4. ‘Human beings and their environments can be thought of as a collection of systems where a system is defined as being composed of a number of elements which are organised in some fashion’

8. Evolutionary developmental theory is best defined as:

1. The overarching ideology, values, laws, regulations and customs of a given culture
    
2. The study of the genetic and ecological mechanisms that govern the development of social and cognitive competencies common to all human beings and the epigenetic processes that adapt these competencies to local conditions           
    
3. A sequence of socially defined, age-graded events and roles that the individual enacts over time
    
4. That concerned with understanding the adaptive value of behaviour and its evolutionary history

9. Which of the following statements is NOT true of information processing theories?

1. They stress the importance of identifying mechanisms which underlie developmental change
    
2. They force us to address the factors that affect development but which may have previously been ignored
    
3. They model how change occurs in relation to development
    
4. They view development as dependent on the child’s interactions with other, more skilled members of the culture

10. Generativity is a concept that means:

1. A human being has the power to make decisions and changes in their life            
    
2. A crisis which must be faced and resolved by the individual
    
3. The creation of something (children or more abstract examples such as an idea or art) becomes the central task        
    
4. An approach to studying development that can be widely applied to many domains