1. Which one of these is NOT one of Baltes’ principles of development:

1. Development is lifelong
    
2. Development involves gains and losses
    
3. Development is influenced by genetics
    
4. Development involves lifelong plasticity

2. The records used by Darwin and other early researchers of child development are known as :

1. Baby biographies
    
2. Baby experiments
    
3. Child biographies
    
4. Child experiments

3. The factors in Baltes’ model of contextual influences on development are:

1. Integration and differentiation
    
2. Normative history graded influences, normative age-graded influences and nonnormative life events
    
3. Cognitive, biological, social and emotional domains
    
4. Family and cultural contexts

4. Two  prominent theorists who acknowledged the role of culture in human development were:

1. John Watson and B.F Skinner
    
2. Jean Piaget and Sigmund Freud
    
3. G Stanley Hall and Arnold Gessell
    
4. Urie Bronfenbrenner and Lev Vygotsky

5. Continuous development refers to developmental change that:

1. Continues from infancy to old age
    
2. Is quantitative in nature and involves a gradual, accumulation of a skill or behaviour over time
    
3. Emerges in a series of stages in which a behaviour or skill is qualitatively different to the previous stage
    
4. None of the above

6. According to Siegler (1998, 2000), whether development shows a continuous or discontinuous pattern depends on:

1. Whether we are studying cognitive, emotional or social development
    
2. Whether we use experimental or observational methods
    
3. The size of the intervals at which we study development
    
4. The personal opinion of the researcher

7. ______________ was a strong advocate of the ‘nature’ view of development while ______________ was a strong advocate of the ‘nurture’ view of development:

1. Lev Vygotsky; Urie Bronfenbrenner
    
2. Arnold Gessell; G Stanley Hall
    
3. Arnold Gessell; John Watson
    
4. John Watson; Arnold Gessell

8. Maturation refers to :

1. The biological processes which determine the patterns of growth
    
2. The environmental influences which influence development
    
3. The change in children’s behaviour and personalities as they get older
    
4. All of the above

9. If a behaviour is highly canalised:

1. It is highly susceptible to change by environmental influences
    
2. It is relatively unaltered by changes in the environment
    
3. It is unlikely to continue throughout childhood
    
4. It is influenced by the culture in which we are raised

10. When we observe age differences in developmental psychology:

1. Then chronological age is the factor that caused the differences
    
2. Age stands in for variables that we have not measured
    
3. Both of the above
    
4. None of the above