This chapter examines America’s relations with the Arab world. Until the 2011 Arab Spring, U.S. policy emphasized maintaining secure sources of oil, supporting conservative pro-American leaders in the Persian Gulf, limiting Soviet influence in the region (during the Cold War), containing aggressive foes like Saddam Hussein and Shia Iran, and assuring Israel’s security. Washington supported democratic transitions associated with the Arab Spring because they reflected U.S. values and would secure U.S. influence against anti-Americanism. However, when Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood assumed office and proved to illiberal, Washington began abandoning its support for regime change. Key terms include: Islamization, nationalism, nonaligned movement, pan-Arab nationalism, political Islam, and Responsibility to Protect (R2P).