In this chapter you will learn
 

• How neurons are specialized to conduct information
• How glial cells support the activity of neurons
• How neurons communicate with each other
• Strategies neurons use to increase their information capacity
• The functions of some of the major chemical transmitters
• How computer simulations of neural networks are duplicating many brain functions

Before the brain’s functions can be fully appreciated, its components and signals must be understood. This chapter describes the cellular components, structures, and signals involved in neuronal communication. The specialization of neurons is addressed, along with the support required for neuronal transmission and the various strategies used to increase information capacity and complexity. Particular attention is given to the types of neurons in the nervous system, the shapes and functions of the neurons, the electrical and chemical bases of electrical signals in the nervous system, and how those signals are propagated across axons (in electrical signals) and the body (for chemical signals). The nature and function of the major chemical neurotransmitters is also discussed and contrasted with electrical signals. The various chemical messengers and their regulation are discussed in terms of implications for synaptic functioning and behavior. Means of regulating activity at the synapse are also described. The chapter concludes with computer-based research that strives to model many of the brain’s functions. This chapter includes an interesting In The News segment about the effect of social deprivation on glial development, and an Application on how drugs directly affect synapses in our bodies.