• Why do you think an IRB in 2016 would refuse to approve Milgram’s (1963) original obedience to authority study? What was ethically questionable about the fact that Zimbardo was serving both as a researcher and as the “superintendent” of the prison in his Stanford prison research (Haney et al., 1973)? In the Kennedy Krieger Institute Lead Paint Study, some of the children were kept at greater risk than others (only partial lead abatement) to further the goals of the study. Which one of the points of the Nuremberg code does this action seem to violate?
   
• Thinking back to the lead paint study, was the principle of justice followed in that research?
   
• What three ethical principles did the Belmont Report establish? What overlap do you see between these three principles and the general principles in the APA Code of Conduct (2010a)? Make a list of the two sets of principles, and show where the overlap is. Why is having an informed consent document a critical part of doing ethical research? Do all three ethical codes (Nuremberg, Belmont, and APA) mention the importance of voluntary consent?
   
• From this definition, what two critical aspects are required for a study to be considered research?

If you answered “a systematic investigation” and “generalizable knowledge,” you are correct. If we want to know what kind of food students prefer for the end of the semester picnic and survey their preferences, is that “research” according to the federal definition? No. We have no interest in generalizable knowledge. What if you wanted students to see how challenging a particular spatial cognition test is? You might give them sample problems to solve and then have them score their responses without handing in their tests. Is generalizable knowledge the goal of this in-class activity? No.

• What makes a project “research” (and, thus, subject to review) in the eyes of the IRB? What kinds of projects qualify as exempt and do not undergo IRB review? What does it mean to say that a proposal involves exposing the participants to more than minimal risk? What is a vulnerable population? Give an example. What is the purpose of having a nonscientist on the IRB committee? An outside member from the community?
   
• In your own words, explain the difference between anonymity and confidentiality. Under what circumstance(s) would you break confidentiality? What would you say in your informed consent document to alert the participant to that possibility? How do researchers obtain informed consent electronically? Give an example of a circumstance where you would ask to have informed consent waived. What is the purpose of a debriefing document; what issues should be covered?
   
• Give examples of gatekeepers (people who can give permission for research to take place) in a school and for a sports team. Explain the difference between active and passive consent. What does it mean when you ask for the child’s assent? About what age do researchers normally consider asking for the child’s assent? Explain why active consent of parents/guardians is almost always required with children.
   
• When you leave out a description of some aspects of the research, this is called _____________ deception (fill in the blank). When you purposely mislead participants about some aspects of the research, this is called ___________ deception (fill in the blank). What are the potential drawbacks to using deception in terms of participants’ attitudes toward subsequent research? Why might immersive virtual reality be a good alternative to using deception, whereas role playing is not? Why could you say that immersive virtual reality combines ecological validity with the potential for generalizability?
   
• Students (and others) cannot be required to participate in research. How does this protection relate to the ethical codes (Nuremberg, Belmont, APA) discussed at the beginning of the chapter? Why must there be equitable alternatives for people who do not want to participate in research as part of a course? Why do departments need guidelines for the use of incentives in research projects (i.e., what might happen without such guidelines)? Why are incentives described as recruitment strategies, not as compensation strategies?