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Article 1: Smith, C. J. (2012). Type I and Type II errors: What are they and why do they matter? Phlebology, 27, 199-200.

Summary: The author provides a description of Type I and Type II errors and how they can be controlled by the researcher.

Learning Objective: Type I vs. Type II Errors

Questions to Consider

1. What is a Type I error and a Type II error? Which error is more problematic for psychological research?
2. What can a researcher do to control or prevent making a Type I and Type II error?
    

Article 2: Sink, C. A., & Mvududu, N. H. (2010). Statistical power, sampling, and effect sizes: Three keys to research relevancy. Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation, 1(2), 1-18.

Summary: The authors discuss the relationship between statistical power and effect sizes and sampling in demonstrating practical significance in clinical and counseling research.

Learning Objective: Relationships Among Sample Size, Power, and Effect Size

Questions to Consider

1. What is your definition of sample size, power, and effect size?
2. How are effect size and power related?
3. What role does sample size play in effect size and power?
    

Article 3: Werfel, S. H. (2017). Voting and civic engagement: Results from an online field experiment. Research and Politics, 1-3.

Summary: The author conducted a study investigating whether voting during an election predicted greater civic engagement. Individuals who voted in the 2016 primary election were more likely to open a survey than those who did not vote.

Learning Objective: Where Research Takes Place

Questions to Consider

1. What makes this a field study compared to a laboratory study?
2. What other type of research design could this be classified as based on the groups compared in the study?
3. What limitations exist in this study with regard to causation?