By the end of this chapter, you will be able to do the following:

14.1 Argue why you should care about how you report your results and how a lack of transparency harms social and behavioral science research’s reproducibility, replicability, and credibility.

14.2 Judge why conventional methods of reporting p-values are arbitrary and misleading.

14.3 Recommend the correct ways to report p-values.

14.4 Assess how effect sizes capture information not included in statistical significance tests.

14.5 Compare your effect sizes to those reported in the social and behavioral sciences, and argue why effect sizes should be interpreted within a specific context.

14.6 Critique the differences between effect size estimates and the practical significance of your research results.

14.7 Appraise the correct way to report statistical results, including chi-squared (χ²) and eta-squared (η²).

14.8 Defend the importance of transparently and adequately reporting your study’s limitations.