Learning Objectives

  • Constructing a bivariate table™™
  • Dealing with ambiguous relationships between variables™™
  • Determining the properties of a bivariate relationship: existence, strength, and direction™™
  • Understanding how to elaborate the relationship between variables: nonspuriousness, intervening, and conditional relationships™™
  • Understanding hypothesis testing and statistical independence with chi-square™™
  • Recognizing the limitations of the chi-square test—sample size and statistical significance™™
  • Understanding the concept of PRE (proportional reduction of error) and how to interpret measures of association™™
  • Calculating and interpreting lambda, gamma, and Kendall’s tau-b™™
  • Interpreting Cramer’s V: a chi-square–related measure of association