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Learning Objectives

16-1:  Discuss the changing context of policing in America.

16-2:  Identify some of the ongoing and strategic changes of police departments.

16-3:  Describe the likely roles to be played by police agencies with respect to terrorism in the future.

Article 1
Blader, Steven L., Tom R. Tyler (2003). A Four-Component Model of Procedural Justice: Defining the Meaning of a "Fair" Procedure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(6) 747-758. doi: 10.1177/0146167203252811

Two studies test the prediction of the four-component model of procedural justice that people evaluate the fairness of group procedures using four distinct types of judgment. The model hypothesizes that people are influenced by two aspects of the formal procedures of the group: those aspects that relate to decision making and those that relate to the quality of treatment that group members are entitled to receive under the rules. In addition, people are hypothesized to be separately influenced by two aspects of the authorities with whom they personally deal: the quality of decision making by those authorities and the quality of the treatment that they receive from them. The results of two studies support the hypothesis of the four-component model by finding that all four of the procedural judgments identified by the model contribute to overall evaluations of the fairness of group procedures.

1. What is procedural justice?
2. How does it impact people’s perspective of law enforcement?
3. What are implications of this study for police departments?

Article 2
Chermak, Steven, Joshua D. Freilich, Edmund F. McGarrell (2007). Intelligence-Led Policing as a Framework for Responding to Terrorism. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 23(2) 142-158. doi: 10.1177/1043986207301363

Leading police associations in the United States and the United Kingdom have advocated that law enforcement adopt an intelligence-led policing model (ILP). Much like the situation with community policing, there does not appear to be a commonly accepted definition of ILP nor of the practical implications for police agencies' mission, structure, and processes. This article presents a model of ILP that builds on community policing, problem solving, and continuous improvement business models that have been adopted by police departments. Examples of these practices are reviewed as a method of illustrating the promise of an ILP approach. A broad conceptualization of ILP is presented under the belief that ILP will be most likely integrated into law enforcement and will have the greatest impact if it is adopted from an “all crimes” perspective. The article concludes with illustrations of the utility of ILP for addressing threats of domestic and international terrorism.

1. How is ILP used for counterterrorism efforts?
2. What are the implications of this study?