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Learning Objectives

2-1:  Identify the influence of English roots of policing on American policing

2-2:  Describe the influence of technology on the evolution of early American policing

2-3:  Summarize the issues facing policing during the Political Era

2-4:  Explain the effect on policing of the changes implemented during the Reform Era

2-5:  Describe the relationship between the social upheaval of the 1960s and 1970s and the increased emphasis on research on police effectiveness

2-6:  Identify aspects of the community policing model and problem-oriented policing

2-7:  Evaluate at least three contemporary policing strategies in terms of their effectiveness

2-8:  Describe the challenges facing contemporary police departments

Article 1
Manning, Peter K. (2005). The Study of Policing. Police Quarterly, 8(1) 23-43.  doi: 10.1177/1098611104267325

The police are legitimate, bureaucratically articulated organizations that stand ready to use force to sustain political order. Anglo-American policing (AAP) is democratic policing: It eschews torture, terrorism, and counterterrorism, is guided by law, and seeks minimal damage to civility. Research on AAP, a policing type developed by adaptation rather than conquest (refined by Peel and exported to Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and the United States) in the United Kingdom and the United States, is reviewed. Police studies, like policing itself, is based on material, political, and cultural interests that pattern the production and distribution of knowledge. Interests in the United States and the United Kingdom are summarized, and the origins, key figures in studies of policing, the emergence of police scholarship, and some differences between the United Kingdom and the United States in funding, education, and training are outlined. There remain tensions between public pressures for short-term-funded research and theoretically grounded scholarship. The paper ends with reflections on the future of police studies. 

1. What are current tensions in policing according to this article?
2. What are potential future trends in policing based on the history and current state of policing described in this article?