Journal Article 3.1: Dodson, K. (2015). A cross-national view on gender differences in protest activity. Social Currents, 2(4), 377–392. doi:10.1177/2329496515603730
Abstract: Despite an established tradition of comparative research that focuses on gender differences in the amount of protest, relatively little cross-national research examines gender differences in the kinds of protest. This study examines gender differences in types of protest using data from seven advanced capitalist democracies in the 1994–2004 waves of the World Values Surveys. Multinomial logistic regression models indicate that while men and women have similar levels of protest activity, there are gender differences in the forms of protest in which they participate. Specifically, women are more likely than men to engage in non-confrontational activities. By contrast, men are more likely to be involved with forms of activism that involve confrontational activities. The results also suggest gender ideology plays a crucial role in creating the conditions that foster gendered forms of activism. In egalitarian contexts, women are more likely than men to participate in a wide array of protest activities. Evidence of gendered activism reinforces the argument that gender organizes protest politics in ways that undermine political equality.
Learning Objective: 3.5: Explain why culture (the “software”) from one society does not always “fit” with the structure (“hardware”) of another society.
Summary: Dodson demonstrates how the structures of countries and cultures can create variability in gendered aspects of activism.

Journal Article 3.2: Snyder, G. J. (2011). The city and the subculture career: Professional street skateboarding in LA. Ethnography, 13(3), 306–329. doi:10.1177/1466138111413501
Abstract: This article provides a detailed ethnographic description of skateboarding’s main career opportunities and contributes to arguments about subculture theory and the impact of specific subcultures on cities. Professional street skateboarders perform tricks on obstacles in the urban environment and publish these tricks in magazines and videos to share with other members of the subculture. This need for documentation and dissemination of skateboard tricks, as well as the need to design and distribute subculture media, skateboards and skateboarding products, makes skateboarding a self-sustaining industry and provides skaters with an opportunity for subculture careers. These careers are in skating and also the ancillary careers necessary to support this industry. These subculture careers have a positive impact on individual skaters by providing opportunities, in many cases where none existed, and also upon the urban centers where this industry is most prominent by drawing creative, talented people to the city to participate in the subculture and quite possibly even make a career
Learning Objective: 3.3: Provide examples of microcultures, subcultures, countercultures, and global cultures.
Summary: This article explores the impact skating subculture has had on Los Angeles, CA.

Journal Article 3.3: Fatsis, L. (2018). Grime: Criminal subculture or public counterculture? A critical investigation into the criminalization of black musical subcultures in the UK. Crime, Media, Culture, 1–15. doi:10.1177/1741659018784111.
Abstract: This article sets out to (re-)introduce Black urban musical subcultures as valuable forms of creativity and public expression in an attempt to resist, criticize and expose their criminalization by the London Metropolitan Police. Focusing primarily on grime, a host of unfair and illegitimate practices adopted by the London Metropolitan Police will be discussed. This will demonstrate how the routine monitoring, surveillance and curtailment of Black people’s public identity (re)produces stereotypical associations of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic groups with violent, criminal and problematic behavior. In order to challenge openly discriminatory attitudes towards Black urban cultural forms by the police, a counterargument which calls for their understanding as viable sources of positive and constructive public engagement will be offered.
Learning Objective: 3.3: Provide examples of microcultures, subcultures, countercultures, and global cultures.
Summary: Fatsis provides rich details on what constitutes a subculture and counterculture through an exploration of Black urban music in the United Kingdom.