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Journal Article 1: Cable, S., & Mix, T. (2003). Economic imperatives and race relations: The rise and fall of the American apartheid system. Journal of Black Studies, 34, 183–203.

Abstract: In this article, the authors discuss the legal and systematic separation that characterized U. S. society, looking at both the reasons for its formation and the events that helped to bring about its decline.

Journal Article 2: Fischer, M. (2008). Shifting geographies: Examining the role of suburbanization in Blacks’ declining segregation. Urban Affairs Review, 43, 475–496.

Abstract: This article examines recent trends in blacks' moves to the suburbs, and their continued urban segregation. Although this article features some extensive statistical analysis, it does explore a very interesting phenomenon in the current racial segregation of living spaces.

Journal Article 3: Baumle, A., & Fossett, M. (2005). Statistical discrimination in employment: Its practice, conceptualization, and implications for policy. American Behavioral Scientist, 48, 1250–1274.

Abstract: In this article, the authors explore how the phenomenon of statistical discrimination may begin to replace more traditional forms of "prejudice-based discrimination."

Journal Article 4: Schiele, J. (2005). Cultural oppression and the high-risk status of African American. Journal of Black Studies, 35, 802–826.

Abstract: The author makes that argument that, while much attention has been paid to political and economic oppression faced by African Americans, less attention has been paid to cultural oppression, particularly to the view that cultural oppression is foundational in explaining high social vulnerability. He argues that cultural oppression, tied to more obvious forms of economic and political oppression, has produced specific risk factors that inhibit both individual and group attainment and prosperity.

Journal Article 5: Bailey, A., Tolnay, S., Beck, E., & Laird, J. (2011). Targeting lynch victims: Social marginality or status transgressions? American Sociological Review, 76, 412–436.

Abstract: This article uses Census data and on-line genealogical records to identify Black male lynching victims in order to link the selection of lynching victims to social marginality. Their study covered 10 states in the American South between 1882 and 1930. Their findings demonstrate that social marginality significantly increased the likelihood of being targeted for lynching.

Journal Article 6: Grant, E. (2005). Race and tourism in America's first city. Journal of Urban History, 31, 850–871.

Abstract: This article details the first effort by a major US city to attract minority tourists. The author argues that African American tourists to Philadelphia increased dramatically during the monitoring period, and that this increase represents a fusion of politics and racial formation.

Journal Article 7: O'Hara, S. (2011). “The very model of modern urban decay”: Outsiders’ narratives of industry and urban decline in gary, Indiana. Journal of Urban History, 37, 135–154.

Abstract: This article details the narratives of decline deployed by residents of Gary, Indiana. The author describes compelling links between these narratives and exigent racial issues and prejudices during the industrial and postindustrial periods.