Study Questions

Part I

In the late summer of 2008, a brief war broke out between the two countries--Russia and Georgia. Suppose you are a researcher interested in nationalistic attitudes in these two countries. You decided to use data from the World Values Survey, which is available at the following URL: http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/. The data of interest are presented below on Russian respondents in 2018.

Proud of Nationality?

Age

15–29

30–49

50+

Very proud

181

198

335

Quite proud

314

445

428

Not very proud

81

131

155

Not proud at all

28

39

28

 
  1. Identify the dependent variable.
  2. What is the total sample size?
  3. Calculate the mean values for each age group.
  4. Calculate the expected frequencies for each cell.
  5. Provide an interpretation of the expected cell frequencies. What do these quantities represent?
  6. Following the example in Chapter 10, calculate the χ2 statistic.
  7. Calculate the number of degrees of freedom for this particular example.
  8. Using the table in the back of your textbook, what is the critical value for this χ2 test? (Note: use the .05 column)
  9. On the basis of your work in Questions #6–8, conclude whether your results are statistically significant. Provide evidence for your conclusion.
  10. Return to the original data. Exactly 940 persons between the ages of 15 and 29 indicated that they were “quite proud” of their nationality. Suppose for the moment that only 840 persons between the ages of 15 and 29 were “quite proud” of their nationality. Keeping the other cells as they were originally, recalculate the value of the χ2 statistic and determine whether it is statistically significant.
  11. Explain why adjusting only one cell in Question #10 resulted in a different conclusion.
  12. As the number of degrees of freedom increases, how does this change the χ2 distribution?
  13. When two variables are not associated what can we say about their relationship?

 

Part 2

In the late summer of 2008, a brief war broke out between the two countries--Russia and Georgia. Suppose you are a researcher interested in nationalistic attitudes in these two countries. You decided to use data from the World Values Survey, which is available at the following URL: http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/. The data of interest are presented below on Georgian respondents in 2018.

Proud of Nationality?

 

Age

15–29

30–49

50+

Not at all proud

3

1

3

Not very proud

9

11

12

Quite proud

56

92

91

Very proud

230

326

360

 
  1. Identify the independent variable.
  2. Identify the dependent variable.
  3. What is the total sample size?
  4. Calculate the values of the row and column marginals.
  5. Find the average number within the three age groups that chose “Very proud.”
  6. Assume for the moment that both variables--age and national pride—are nominal-level variables. If both were nominal-level variables, which measure of association would be appropriate for these data?
  7. Calculate the measure of association you identified in Question #18.
  8. Explain why, in terms of calculating the values of E1 and E2, you arrived at the answer that you did in Question #19.
  9. Of course, if we were to assume that age and national pride were nominal-level variables, we would be mistaken. Identify the level of measurement for these two variables and suggest an appropriate measure of association to gauge the relationship between these two variables.
  10. One measure of association that we might employ to assess the relationship between age and national pride is that of γ, as it was introduced in Chapter 10. Begin by calculating the number of same ordered pairs.
  11. Next, calculate the number of inverse order pairs.
  12. Finally, calculate the value γ. Interpret this quantity.
  13. According to the material presented in Chapter 10, what are the lowest and highest possible values for γ?