Self-check questions and answers
1. What operational challenges has globalisation posed for police services?
Answer:
transnational organised crime, human trafficking, online crimes and terrorism are among the key challenges mentioned in the discussion
2. How did McCulloch and Pickering characterise the US promotion of measures to tackle terrorist financing?
3. Which country was administered by a UN Temporary Executive Authority in 1962–3 and in which country has a UN force been active since 1964?
Answer:
West New Guinea and Cyprus
4. What developments were noted as having a secondary impact in creating a demand for police cooperation in the EU?
Answer:
the establishment of the Euro currency in 2002 and the move to hold EU councils three times each year
5. What has been the cornerstone agreement of EU police cooperation since the late 1990s?
Answer:
the Schengen agreement
6. Which civil society agencies were identified in relation to the development of ‘soft power’ influences on the development of transnational policing norms?
Answer:
Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch
7. What three forms of global private security provision were identified by Stenning and Shearing?
Answer:
in-house security divisions within transnational companies, large transnational security companies contracted locally, and global corporations contracted by nation states
8. Who argued that private security companies service the interests of global corpo¬rations and capital accumulation?
Answer:
Bowling and Sheptycki
9. Who operates at the ‘meso’ level of EU police cooperation, in Benyon’s typology?
Answer:
the various police agencies and personnel who are responsible for the develop¬ment of collective strategy and activities
10. Why did Hills suggest that it would be difficult to develop a ‘global police ethic’?
Answer:
due to the fundamental challenges associated with the universalisation of liberal policing systems into countries and contexts that have different traditions
