1. Know the three types of remedies in addition to the exclusionary rule available to deter police violations of constitutional rights.

2. Know the three elements of a § 1983 legal action.

3. Differentiate between absolute and qualified immunity and list the groups that have absolute immunity from civil legal liability.

4. Know when the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause imposes an affirmative duty on government officials to intervene to protect life, liberty, or property.

5. State when city, county, and local governmental agencies are civilly liable for the acts of government officials.

6. Define pattern-or-practice decrees.

7. Know when state law enforcement officers may be held liable for a tort under state law.

8. State the requirements for bringing a Bivens action against a federal law enforcement official.

9. Know the legal basis for holding state and federal law enforcement officials criminally liable.

10. Know the role of internal affairs divisions and civilian review boards in enforcing administrative regulations in police departments.