Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

Journal Article 4.1: Wakita, T., Ueshima, N., & Noguchi, H. (2012). Psychological Distance Between Categories in the Likert Scale: Comparing Different Numbers of Options. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 72(4), 533–546.

Questions that apply to this article:

1. Describe the potential uses for Likert scales, using examples from outside the article and textbook.
2. Discuss the premise inherent in the Likert scale, as well why this article has been chosen to test this assumption.
3. In your own words, describe what the author means by “psychological distance.”
4. Utilize the results present in the study to discuss how you would construct a study around a Likert scale. How many options would you use? Why?

***

Journal Article 4.2: Orr, L. (2015). 2014 Rossi Award Lecture: Beyond Internal Validity. Evaluation Review, 39(2), 167–178.

Questions that apply to this article:

1. Discuss validity and its role in testing and measurements.
2. Where, outside of the academic institution, are validity measures important?
3. Why are there still such debates surrounding the use of empirical research methods? How does the author respond to this “war”?

***

Journal Article 4.3: Carlson, K.D., & Herdman, A.O. (2012). Understanding the Impact of Convergent Validity on Research Results. Organizational Research Methods, 15(1), 17–32.

Questions that apply to this article:

1. Define convergent validity.
2. Define proxies.
3. Discuss the use of proxies in research design.
4. Describe convergent validity’s impact on research findings.