After reading this chapter, you should be able to:

• 4.1 Define civil rights.
• 4.2 Identify two obstacles in the way of civil rights for African Americans historically.
• 4.3 Discuss the political efforts to seek civil rights for African Americans from the nineteenth century to the present day.
• 4.4 Explain the legacy of the civil rights movement for groups such as women, Hispanics, and members of the LGBT community.
• 4.5 Assess the role of collective action efforts in the civil rights movement.