8.1 Differentiate between formal, informal, direct, and indirect control.
8.2 Describe the four elements of the social bond in social control theory.
8.3 Identify central tenets of the age-graded theory of informal social control, including concepts from life-course criminology.
8.4 Examine the main ideas in social disorganization theory, including collective efficacy.
8.5 Contrast self-control theory with other control perspectives in criminology.