In this chapter, you will learn how to:

7.1 Comprehend the rationale behind controlled comparisons as a method to rule out rival causes.

7.2 Identify spurious relationships, additive relationships, or interaction relationships in empirical data.

7.3 Make controlled comparisons using cross-tabulation in real-world scenarios.

7.4 Utilize controlled mean comparisons to explore relationships between variables.

7.5 Construct multiple line charts with control variables to detect and interpret patterns in controlled comparisons.

7.6 Identify advanced techniques for conducting controlled comparisons.