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Higgins, G. E., Gabbidon, S. L., & Jordan, K. L. (2008). Examining the Generality of Citizens’ Views on Racial Profiling in Diverse Situational Contexts. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35(12), 1527–1541. doi:10.1177/0093854808325214

Abstract

This article examines the generality of citizens' views concerning racial profiling across several contexts. More specifically, the research investigated whether citizens' perceptions regarding the widespread nature of racial profiling and their belief whether this profiling is justified converged when considering the practice in diverse settings, such as during traffic stops, in retail establishments, and at airports. Using data from a nationally representative poll with an oversample of Blacks and Hispanics, the results of the structural equation model analysis supported the supposition that perceptions regarding racial profiling across contexts form one latent construct. The perceptions of airport, traffic stop, and consumer racial profiling—in the context of widespread nature and justification—form two general latent measures. These perceptions differ based on race, age, sex, and income.

Mauer, M. (2011). Addressing Racial Disparities in Incarceration. The Prison Journal, 91(3 Suppl), 87S–101S. doi:10.1177/0032885511415227

Abstract

This article reviews the current trends and impact of mass incarceration on communities of color, with a focus on criminal justice policy and practice contributors to racial disparity. The impact of these disproportionate incarceration rates on public safety, offenders, and communities are discussed. Recommendations for criminal justice and other policy reforms to reduce unwarranted racial disparities are offered.

Withrow, B. L., & Dailey, J. D. (2012). Racial Profiling Litigation: Current Status and Emerging Controversies. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 28(2), 122–145. doi:10.1177/1043986211425731

Abstract

The racial profiling controversy is now about a decade and a half old and has developed into a bona fide research agenda. Hundreds of police departments have conducted studies and scores of researchers have written articles and books on the topic. The controversy came to prominence during a high-profile litigation involving the New Jersey State Police. Since then, with the exception of a few local cases, the courts have been relatively silent at the national level. Even so, a litigation pattern is beginning to emerge. This article documents this pattern and provides evidence that racial profiling litigation is likely to increase in the very near future