Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

SAGE Journal User Guide

Jameson, D. A. (2007). Reconceptualizing cultural identity and its role in intercultural business communication. Journal of Business Communication, 44(3), 199-235.

Discussion Questions:

1. What limitations of past intercultural communication models of cultural identity does the author identify?
2. What is the author’s model of cultural identity?

Dorsey, E.R., Steeves, H. L., & Porras, L.E. (2004). Advertising ecotourism on the internet: commodifying environment and culture. New Media & Society, 6(6), 753-779.

Discussion Questions:

1. How do the authors define cultural tourism and cultural commodification?
2. What words do the authors identify as being used to describe ecotourism in print publications?
3. In what ways is Internet advertising of ecotourism different?

Burns, P. M. (2004). Six postcards from Arabia: A visual discourse of colonial travels in the Orient. Tourist Studies, 4(3), 255-275.

Discussion Questions:

1. How can postcards reflect othering?
2. What examples of othering does the author see in the sample postcards?
3. What could have been the effect of these postcards on intercultural communication?

White, K.R., (2009). Scourge of Racism: Genocide in Rwanda. Journal of Black Studies, 39(3), 471-481.

Discussion Questions:

1. More than 800,000 Rwandans were killed in the government-directed ethnic cleansing of Tutsis and Hutus during 1994.  How did colonialism change the identity of the Hutu and the Tutsi?
2. How did colonialism lead to the 1994 genocide?
3. Would establishing a Rwandan national identity over a Tutsi or Hutu identity improve relationships?

Prieler, M. (2010). Othering, racial hierarchies and identity construction in Japanese television advertising. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 13(5), 511-529.

Discussion Questions:

1. Begin with the footnotes to determine what the author means by “Others” and compare that to othering.
2. What do the observations made about Japanese television commercials say about intercultural communication with the Japanese?
3. What does this author say about Yonsama (discussed in Chapter 1)?

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

SAGE Journal User Guide

Chang, S., & Tharenou, P., (2004). Competencies Needed for Managing a Multicultural Workgroup. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 42(1), 57-74.

Discussion Questions:

1. What skills did the authors determine from previous research facilitated effective intercultural communication?
2. How did the authors design their study and collect and analyze their data?
3. What skills for managing a multicultural workgroup did the authors identify from their study? 

Usunier, J.-C. & Roulin, N. (2010). The Influence of high- and low-context communication styles on the design, content, and language of business-to-business web sites. Journal of Business Communication, 47(2), 189-227.

Discussion Questions:

1. How do these authors avoid the high-context – low-context dichotomy?
2. How does context influence B2B Web design and content?
3. What recommendations do the authors have for designing B2B web sites?

Kittler, M. G., Rygl, D., & Mackinnon, A. (2011). Special Review Article: Beyond culture or beyond control? Reviewing the use of Hall’s high-/low-context concept. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 11(1), 63-82.

Discussion Questions:

1. What have been the criticisms of Hall’s work?
2. What is the basis of the authors’ conclusions in this article?
3. What are the authors’ conclusions and recommendations for future research?

Oetzel, J.G., & Ting-Toomey, S. (2003). Face Concerns in Interpersonal Conflict: ACross  Cultural Empirical Test of the  ace Negotiation Theory. Communication Research, 30(6), 599-624.

Discussion Questions:

1. What do Oetzel & Ting-Toomey mean by “face-negotiation theory?”
2. What do the authors mean by “conflict styles?”
3. What were the major findings comparing the four national cultures?

Lauring, J. (2011). Intercultural organizational communication: The social organizing of interaction in international encounters. Journal of Business and Communication, 48(3), 231–55.

Discussion Questions:

1. Why is recognition that perception is culturally marked important in the business environment?
2. How can improved intercultural competence help in interactions in international encounters?

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

SAGE Journal User Guide

Munshi, D., & McKie D., (2001). Toward a new cartography of intercultural communication: Mapping bias, business, and diversity. Business Communication Quarterly, 64(9), 9 -22.

Discussion Questions:

1. In what ways do the authors argue that U.S. authored intercultural communication textbooks put non-Western students at a disadvantage?
2. In what ways can a U.S. authored textbook present barriers?
3. The edition of my text referenced in the article was an early one.  Could the same criticism be made of the current edition?

Baraldi, C. (2006). New Forms of Intercultural Communication in a Globalized World. International Communication Gazette, 68(1), 53-69.

Discussion Questions:

1. How does globalization impact communication?
2. What is the transcultural form of communication?

Paranjpe, A.C., (1985). The identity theory of prejudice: A perspective from the intellectual tradition of India. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 20(3-4), 232-244.

Discussion Questions:

1. How does the author describe “prejudice” as a Western concept?
2. How can an Indian perspective be described?

Liang, B., & Lu, H. (2010). Internet development, censorship, and cyber crimes in China. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 26(1), 103-120.

Discussion Questions:

1. Trace the growth of the internet in China.
2. What has been the role of the Chinese government in the development and regulation of the internet?

Harris, P.G. (2006). Environmental perspectives and behavior in China: Synopsis and bibliography. Environment and Behavior, 38(1), 5-21.

Discussion Questions:

1. What does the author say about the Confucian tradition?
2. Who or what might take a role in changing China’s environmental record?

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

SAGE Journal User Guide

Marsh, A.A.,  Elfenbein, H.A., & Ambady, N., (2007). Separated by a common language: Nonverbal accents and cultural stereotypes about Americans and Australians. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38(3), 384-301.

Discussion Questions:

1. The authors posit that universal facial expressions may vary across cultural groups. They call these variations “nonverbal accents.” What research do they cite to support this statement?
2. How did they design studies to test their hypothesis?
3. How did their results support the hypothesis? Discuss the implications of their results.

Peterson, R.T. (2005). An examination of the relative effectiveness of training in nonverbal communication: Personal selling implications.  The Journal of Marketing Education, 27(2), 143-150.

Discussion Questions:

1. Why is nonverbal communication training needed for sales representatives?
2. What is the potential of training in body language?
3. How is training an academic and practical application?

Masumoto, T., (2004). Learning to ‘do time’ in Japan: A study of U.S. interns in Japanese Organizations. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 4(1), 19-37.

Discussion Questions:

1. What aspects of “time” were considered in this study?
2. What data did the author collect for this study?
3. What different perceptions and meanings did U.S. interns and Japanese supervisors and co-workers have about time?

Ward, N. G. & Al Bayyar, Y. (2010). American and Arab perceptions of an Arabic turn-taking cue.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41(2), 270-275.

Discussion Questions:

1. What do the authors mean by the term back-channeling?
2. What is the nonverbal code that is being studied in this research project?
3. What did the authors conclude about misunderstandings between Arabic and English speakers?

Greene, D. M. & Stewart, F. R. (2011). African American students’ reactions to Benjamin Cooke’s “Nonverbal Communication Among Afro-Americans: An Initial Classification”. Journal of Black Studies, 42(3), 389-401.

Discussion Questions:

1. How do the authors describe Cooke’s 1972 work?
2. What changes in haptics, kinesics, and artifacts (clothing and physical appearance) do the authors report?
3. What comparisons to Cooke’s work do the authors suggest?

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

SAGE Journal User Guide

Hoosain, R., (1986). Orthography and cognitive processes: Chinese perspectives for the Sapir Whorf Hypothesis. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 9(4), 507-525.

Discussion Questions:

1. What is meant by orthography?
2. What relationships between language and cognitive processes did the author identify?
3. What evidence for the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis did the author present?

Smith, K., (2006). Rhetorical figures and the translation of advertising headlines. Language and Literature, 15(2), 159-182.

Discussion Questions:

1. What does the author mean by “rhetorical figures?”
2. Explain the translation problem in some of the examples in the article using the translation problems from the text as well as the author’s explanation.
3. What aspects of Russian culture and language explain some of the translation problems?

Ayoola, K. A. (2009). Haggling exchanges at meat stalls in some markets in Lagos, Nigeria.Discourse Studies, 11(4), 387-400.

Discussion Questions:

1. How are verbal exchanges specific to a culture?
2. What characterizes verbal exchanges in Laos and Nigeria?

Carter, K. & Aulette, J. (2009). Creole in Cape Verde: Language, identity and power, Ethnography,10(2), 213-236.

Discussion Questions:

1. How do the authors define pidgins and creoles?
2. How is Creole used in Cape Verde?
3. What is the relationship between Creole and Portuguese?
4. What is the relationship between gender and Creole?

Ray, S. (2007). Politics over official language in the United States: Aspects of constitutional silence on the status of English. International Studies, 44(3), 235-252. 

Discussion Questions:

1. The author presents a detailed history of the official language movement in the United States.  What are the critical points in history for understanding the movement?
2. The author gives an opinion as to the possible outcomes.  Why do you agree or disagree?

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

SAGE Journal User Guide

Williamson, D. (2002). Forward from a critique of Hofstede’s model of national culture.Human Relations, 55(11), 1373-1395.

Discussion Questions:

1. What criticisms of Hofstede’s research does the author present?
2. What cautions about the Hofstede data does the author present?

Hsu, S. Y, Woodside, A. G, & Marshall, R. (2013). Critical tests of multiple theories of cultures’ consequences: Comparing the usefulness of models by Hofstede, Inglehart and Baker, Schwartz, Steenkamp, as well as GDP and Distance for Explaining Overseas Tourism Behavior.Journal of Travel Research, 52(6), 679-704.

Discussion Questions:

1. How do models of culture compare?
2. How are such comparisons useful?

Fischer, R, Vauclair, C. M, Fontaine, J. R., & Schwartz, S. (2010). Are individual-level and country-level value structures different? Testing Hofstede’s legacy with the Schwartz value survey.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41(2), 135-151.

Discussion Questions:

1. How are Hofstede’s dimensions applicable to various countries?
2. What are some challenges in applying Hofstede’s model?

Merritt, A., (2000). Culture in the cockpit: Do Hofstede’s dimensions replicate? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31(3), 283-301.

Discussion Questions:

1. What relationships between national airline pilots and Hofstede’s cultural dimensions did this author identify?
2. How does this study support Hofstede’s concept of national cultures and cultural dimensions?

Schmid, H. & Klimmt, C. (2011). A magically nice guy: Parasocial relationships with Harry Potter across different cultures. International Communication Gazette, 73(3), 252-269. 

Discussion Questions:

1. What is meant by the term parasocial relationships?
2. What differences did the authors find between Mexican and German audiences?
3. Why were the authors not able to find differences based on the Hofstede dimensions?

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

SAGE Journal User Guide

Carter, R. T., Yeh, C. J., & Mazzula, S. L. (2008). Cultural Values and Racial Identity Statuses Among Latino Students: An Exploratory Investigation. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 30(1), 5-23.

Discussion Questions:

1. How did the authors use the Kluckholm and Strodtbeck model?
2. What differences did the authors find in cultural values?
3. What conclusions did the author reach?

Budhwar, P. S., Woldu, H., & Ogbonna, E. (2008). A comparative analysis of cultural value orientations of Indians and Migrant Indians in the U.S.A. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 8(1), 79-105.

Discussion Questions:

1. What values are identified for India?
2. How did U.S. corporate environments shape the values of Indian migrants in the U.S.?

Kemmelmeier, M., Jambor, E. E., & Letner, J., (2006). Individualism and good works: Cultural variation in giving and volunteering across the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37(3), 327-344.

Discussion Questions:

1. This article posits a relationship between charitable giving and individualism.  How do the authors reconcile individualism with caring about others in one’s group?
2. How did the authors study this relationship?

Tweng, J. M., Abebe, E. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2010). Fitting in or standing out: Trends in American parents' choices for children’s names, 1880-2007. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(1), 19-25.

Discussion Questions:

1. How do naming practices reflect cultural values?
2. What do the authors conclude about changing naming practices?
3. What are the possible effects of having a unique name?

Metcalf, L. E., Peterson, M., Shankarmahesh, M., & Lituchy, T. R. (2001). Cultural influences in negotiations: A four country comparative analysis. International Journal of CrossCultural Management, 7(2), 147-168.

Discussion Questions:

1. What are the cultural influences in negotiations in the United States?
2. How do they compare with cultural influences in negotiations in other countries?

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

SAGE Journal User Guide

Mohamed, A.H., & Omer, M.R., (2000). Texture and culture: Cohesion as a marker of rhetorical organisation in Arabic and English narrative texts. RELC Journal, 31(2), 45-75.

Discussion Questions:

1. This study investigates the effect of culture on written Arabic and English texts in terms of “cohesive devices.”  What do the authors mean by this term?
2. How do the authors describe cultural dimensions of Arabic-speaking and English-speaking communities?
3.  How did the authors find that Arab cultures and English cultures differ?

Kapiszewski, A. (2006). Saudi Arabia: Steps toward democratization or reconfiguration of authoritarianism? Journal of Asian and African Studies, 4(5-6), 459-482.

Discussion Questions:

1. What changes occurred in Saudi Arabia in the 1990s?
2. What changes occurred in Saudi Arabia after September 11, 2001?
3. Has the role of women changed in Saudi Arabian society?

Ali, S. (2010). Permanent impermanence. Contexts, 9(2), 26-31. 

Discussion Questions:

1. Why has Dubai been lauded as a model for the rest of the Muslim world?
2. Describe the life of expatriate laborers in Dubai.
3. Is Dubai’s practice of permanent impermanent workforce a model for other countries?

Etling, B., Kelly, J., Faris, R., & Palfrey, J. (2010). Mapping the Arabic blogosphere: politics and dissent online. New Media & Society, 12(8), 1225-1243.

Discussion Questions:

1. What were the major topics bloggers were addressing?
2. What role do women play in these blogs?
3. What role might bloggers play in the Arab world?

Ciffci, S. (2013). Secular-Islamist cleavage, values, and support for democracy and Shari’a in the Arab world. Political Research Quarterly 66(4), 781-793.

Discussion Questions:

1. How do values and political views converge in the Arab world?
2. How do values in the Arab world compare with U.S. dominant values?

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

SAGE Journal User Guide

Towns, A. (2009). The status of women as a standard of ‘civilization’. European Journal of International Relations, 15(4), 681-706.

Discussion Questions:

1. What does the author identify as the common assumption about the political empowerment of women?
2. Trace the changing practices the author identifies.
3. Can the empowerment of women be a Western tradition?

Critelli, F. M. (2010). Beyond the veil in Pakistan. Affilia, 25(3), 236-249.

Discussion Questions:

1. How does the author describe the cultural patterns of Pakistani society?
2. How does the author describe the status of women in Pakistani society?
3. What is the history of women’s activism in Pakistan?

Plantenga, J., Remery, C., Figueiredo, H., & Smith, M., (2009). Towards a European Union Gender Equality Index. Journal of European Social Policy, 19(1), 19-33.

Discussion Questions:

1. Why do the authors feel that the various measures developed by the United Nations Development Programme do not adequately represent European countries?
2. How do the authors define gender equality?
3. What are the cultural bases for the differences they present among countries?

Yodanis, C., (2005). Divorce culture and marital gender equality: A cross-national study.Gender & Society, 19(5), 644-659.

Discussion Questions:

1. What does the author mean by the concept of “divorce culture?”
2. How does the author define gender equality?
3. How do individual behavior and national cultural values both contribute to divorce rates?  How do they interact?

Simon, S. (2011). Using ICTs to explore Moroccan women’s ideas about their emancipation.Gender, Technology, and Development, 15(2), 301-317.

Discussion Questions:

1. What is meant by “ICT?”
2. What observations does the author make about the image of Muslim women in Morocco?
3. What role could social media play in women’s emancipation?

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

SAGE Journal User Guide

Fail, H., Thompson, J., & Walker, G., (2004). Belonging, identity and Third Culture Kids: Life histories of former international school students. Journal of Research in International Education, 3(3), 319 – 338.

Discussion Questions:

1. What evidence of culture shock can you draw from the interviews?
2. What conclusions about belonging and identity can you draw from the interviews?

Green, P. (2010). Generation, family and migration: Young Brazilian factory workers in Japan.Ethnography, 11(4), 515-532.

Discussion Questions:

1. The text discusses Japanese migration to Brazil.  What does the author say about the return of the migrants  and their descendants to Japan?
2. What insights does the author provide?

Neto, F., Barros, J., & Schmitz, P.G., (2005). Acculturation attitudes and adaptation among Portuguese immigrants in Germany: Integration or separation. Psychology & Developing Societies, 17(1), 19 -32.

Discussion Questions:

1. Compare the categories of acculturation in this article and in the text.
2. What were the authors attempting to determine in this study?
3. Which acculturation strategy did Portuguese immigrants prefer?
4. Are there implications in this study for other nations or would these conclusions be specific to Germany only?

Predelli, L. N. (2008). Religion, citizenship and participation: A case study of immigrant Muslimwomen in Norwegian mosques. European Journal of Women's Studies, 15(3), 241260.

Discussion Questions:

1. How has Muslim migration to Norway created opportunities and constraints for women?
2. Why does the author describe the mosque as a “gendered space”?

Ko, L. K., & Perreira, K. M. (2010). “It turned my world upside down:” Latino youths’ perspectives on immigration. Journal of Adolescent Research, 25(3), 465-493.

Discussion Questions:

1. How do the authors describe the adolescents’ premigration experiences?
2. How do the authors describe the adolescents’ migration experiences?
3. How do the authors describe the adolescents’ postmigration experiences?

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

SAGE Journal User Guide

Reiling, D. M. (2002). The “Simmie” side of life: Old order Amish youths' affective response to culturally prescribed deviance. Youth Society, 34(2), 146-171.

Discussion Questions:

1. What is meant by the term “simmie?”
2. Why do the Old Order Amish tolerate youth deviance?
3. What is meant by “terror management theory?” How does that relate to Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s concept of worldview?

Jeong, Y.-J. & You, H.-K. (2008). Different historical trajectories and family diversity among Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans in the United States. Journal of Family History, 33(3), 346-356.

Discussion Questions:

1.  Describe the acculturation status of pre-World War II Chinese, Japanese, and Korean immigrants in the U.S.
2. Describe the acculturation status of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean immigrants.from World War II to the 1960s.
3. Describe the acculturation status of post 1960s Chinese, Japanese, and Korean immigrants.

Rinderle, S., (2005). The Mexican diaspora: A critical examination of signifiers. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 29(4), 294-316. 

Discussion Questions:

1. The author identifies five signifiers—Mexican/mexicano, Mexican American, Chicano/a, Hispanic, and Latino.  How does she distinguish each?
2. How does she show that each are subjects of diasporic and postcolonial discourses?
3. What are the implications for intercultural communication?

Lucas, T. (2009). Latino definitions of success: A cultural model of intercultural competence.Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 31(4), 576-593.

Discussion Questions:

1. How was this study conducted?
2. What does this article suggest about acculturation success?
3. Relate the competencies identified in this article to the intercultural communication competencies in the textbook.

Boddy, J. (2014). Research across cultures, within countries: Hidden ethics tensions in research with children and families? Progress in Development Studies, 14(1), 91-103.

Discussion Questions:

1. How do cultures within cultures impact children and families?
2. What are some issues related to ethics in research in such contexts?

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

SAGE Journal User Guide

Conway, S. (2010). 'It's in the game' and above the game: An analysis of the users of sports videogames. Convergence, 16(3), 334-354.

Discussion Questions:

1. What argot use does the author identify?
2. What other evidence of subgroup identity does the author identify?

Kidder, J. L., (2005). Style and action: A decoding of bike messenger symbols. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 34(3), 344-367.

Discussion Questions:

1. The author worked as a bike messenger.  In this article he distinguishes between a “job” and a “lifestyle.” Describe the lifestyle of a bike messenger. Does this constitute a subgroup as defined in the textbook?
2. What are examples of symbols and their meanings used by bike messengers?
3. What does the author mean by “ties between symbols and practices?”

Turner, F. (2009). Burning Man at Google: A cultural infrastructure for new media production.New Media & Society, 11(1-2), 73-94.

Discussion Questions:

1. What is “Burning Man?”
2. How does the author describe elements of Google’s corporate culture?
3. What is the relationship between Burning Man and Google’s corporate culture?

Clarkson, J. (2008). The Limitations of the discourse of norms: Gay visibility and degrees of transgression. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 32(4), 368-382.

Discussion Questions:

1. What does the author have to say about multiple gay identities?
2. What does the author have to say about assimilation?

Yilmaz, G. & Pena, J. (2014). The influence of social categories and interpersonal behaviors on future intentions and attitudes to form subgroups in virtual teams. Communication Research 41(3), 333-352.

Discussion Questions:

1.  How do social categories impact intentions to form subgroups in virtual teams?
2. How do interpersonal behaviors impact intentions to form subgroups in virtual teams?

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

SAGE Journal User Guide

Packman, H.M. & Casmir, F.L., (1999). Learning from the Euro Disney experience: A case study in international/intercultural communication. International Communication Gazette, 61(6), 473-489.

Discussion Questions:

1. What do the authors describe as U.S. business assumptions?
2. What do the authors mean by the concept “third culture building?”
3. According to the authors, what mistakes did Disney make?

Auster, C. J. & Michaud, M. A. (2013). The Internet marketing of Disney theme parks: An analysis of gender and race. SAGE Open, 3(1), 1-16.

Discussion Questions:

1. 1.What are the connections between marketing of Disney parks and gender?
2. 2.What are the connections between marketing of Disney parks and race?

Wong, L.L., Trumper, R., (2002). Global celebrity athletes and nationalism: Fútbol, hockey, and the representation of nation. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 26(2), 168-194.

Discussion Questions:

1. How do Gretzky and Zamorano strengthen the existing concepts of nation in Canada and Chile, respectively?
2. How do international sports undermine national identity?
3. How can internationally recognized sport celebrities also be national icons?

Ustinova, I. (2008). English and American culture appeal in Russian advertising. Journal of Creative Communications, 3(1), 77-98.

Discussion Questions:

1. Give some examples of English in Russian language advertising.
2. What cultural values are embedded in the English language use?
3. Compare traditional Russian values to those embedded in English advertisements.

Ram, U. (2007). Liquid identities: Mecca Cola versus Coca-Cola. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 10(4), 465-484.

Discussion Questions:

1. What was the declared purpose of the business which created Mecca Cola?
2. Discuss the Muslim symbolism of Mecca Cola encased in the insignia of U.S. capitalism.

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

SAGE Journal User Guide

Prieler, M. (2010). Othering, racial hierarchies and identity construction in Japanese television  advertising. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 13(5), 511-529.

Discussion Questions:

1. Begin with the footnotes to determine what the author means by Others and compare that to othering.
2. What do the observations made about Japanese television commercials say about intercultural communication with the Japanese?
3. What does this author say about Yonsama?

Schraml, C. (2014). How is ethnicity experienced? Essentialist and constructivist notions of ethnicity in Rwanda and Burundi. Ethnicities, 14(5), 615-633.

Discussion Questions:

1. How should constructivist theories of ethnicity be expanded?
2. What are some essentialist aspects of the notion of “potential ethnics”?

Fox, J. (2001). Clash of civilizations or clash of religions: Which is a more important determinant of ethnic conflict? Ethnicities, 1(3), 295-320.

Discussion Questions:

1. What is the influence of both religion and Huntington's concept of civilizations on ethnic conflict?
2. Are there overlaps between religion and the concept of civilization?

Imre, A. (2009). National intimacy and post-socialist networking. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 12(2), 219-233.

Discussion Questions:

1. What is Iwiw?  Compare it to Facebook.
2. Many assume that the internet and social media will lead to a reduction in cultural differences.  What case does the author present to argue against this position?

Ifukor, P. (2010). “Elections” or “selections”? Blogging and Twittering the Nigerian 2007 general elections. Bulletin of Science Technology Society, 30(6), 398-414.

Discussion Questions:

1. Trace the increase in wired and wireless connectivity in Nigeria.
2. What roles can social media play in political discourse?
3. What did the author identify as unique to the Nigerian culture?