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Barranco, R. E., Rader, N. E., & Smith, A. (2015). Violence at the box office: Considering ratings, ticket sales, and content of movies. Communication Research, 1–19. doi:10.1177/0093650215614363

Abstract: Assessing the highest grossing popular movies in the United States from 1992 to 2012, the authors found that the rating of violence content by the Motion Picture Association of America was most indicative of movie sales for PG-13 films. The authors suggest that the preferences and tastes of audiences, particularly adolescents, may be a factor in the continued existence of violence depicted in mass media culture.