Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

Audio Link 1.1: Reintegration
​Description: This NPR story profiles Richard Cabral, an actor who was formerly incarcerated and received rehabilitative services from Homeboy Industries, a gang prevention center.

Audio Link 1.2: Due Process and the Trial of Terrorism Suspects
Description: The White House and key Senate Republicans finally agree on how to question and prosecute suspected terrorists.

Video Link 1.1: Motivating Offender Change

Video Link 1.2: Education Opportunities in Washington State Prisons

Video Link 1.3: Malloy Rolls Out Reintegration Program to Help Prisoners Find and Keep Work
Description: This web article, a New York Times Opinion piece, discusses the complex factors that contribute to mass incarceration today and opportunities and challenges for potential reform.

Web Link 1.1: Deterrence
Description: A new flyer released by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) summarizes years of research confirming that “the certainty of being caught is a vastly more powerful deterrent than the punishment

Web Link 1.2: The Crime Control Model
Description: This web article, a New York Times Opinion piece, discusses the complex factors that contribute to mass incarceration today and opportunities and challenges for potential reform.

Web Link 1.3: Wells Fargo Restitution
Description: Wells Fargo Fined $185 Million Over Creation Of Fake Accounts For Bonuses

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

Audio Link 2.1: Reading Gaol, Where Oscar Wilde Was Imprisoned, Unlocks Its Gates For Art
Description: Beneath Gothic arches and metal walkways, a place of torment has been reclaimed as a place of creative ferment. In 1895, celebrated writer Oscar Wilde — author of The Importance of Being Earnest and The Picture of Dorian Gray — was convicted of homosexual activity and sentenced to two years, most of which he spent in the infamous Reading Gaol.

Audio Link 2.2: Burning Down the Panopticon
Description: Our new miniseries on Surveillance begins with your host tripping over the corpse of Jeremy Bentham, the man who gave us the Panopticon

Video Link 2.1: Secrets of the Tower of London
Description: This PBS video about the Tower of London and its various purposes, including as an infamous prison.

Video Link 2.2: Inside Eastern State Penitentiary
Description: Overview of the history of the Newgate prison.

Web Link 2.1: Newgate Prison
​Description: Overview of the history of the newgate prison.

Web Link 2.2: British Prisons
​Description: A timeline of British Prisons

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

Audio Link 3.1: Former Inmate Becomes Advocate For Prisoner Reform
Description: Shaka Senghor served 19 years in prison for killing a man in Detroit. He racked up dozens of disciplinary violations behind bars. But he says reading, writing and mentors helped him change.

Audio Link 3.2: Obama Visits Federal Prison In Oklahoma To Tout Criminal Justice Reform

​Video Link 3.1: Eastern State Penitentiary
Description: Center for Prison Reform website

Video Link 3.2: The Electric Chair: An Experiment Born in Auburn
Description: Philadelphia set the stage for prison reform not only in Pennsylvania, but also the world over

Web Link 3.1: Eastern State Penitentiary: A Prison With a Past

Web Link 3.2: Center for Prison Reform
Description: Center for Prison Reform website

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

Audio Link 4.1: Investigation Into Private Prisons Reveals Crowding, Under-Staffing And Inmate Deaths
Description: Seth Freed Wessler reported on substandard medical care in privately-run prisons in the federal corrections system for The Nation, which may have led the Justice Department to phase out their use.

Audio Link 4.2: NYC Correction Officers' Union Head Charged In Corruption Probe
Description: The head of the New York City corrections officers union was arrested Wednesday on corruption charges. It's the latest development in a probe of alleged corruption inside the NYPD and City Hall.

Video Link 4.1: Surveillance video shows guards let teen prisoners fight
Description: Surveillance video from inside a local juvenile facility shows teenage boys fighting while the guards that are supposed to be supervising them stand back and watch.

Video Link 4.2: San Antonio Tourists Sue Austin Police Claiming Excessive Force
Description: Two people arrested by Austin police back in November have filed a federal civil rights lawsuit against the arresting officers.

Web Link 4.1: ACA Code Of Ethics
Description: Website for American Correctional Association Code of Ethics

Web Link 4.2: Drug Policy Alliance
Description: Website for the Drug Policy Alliance

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

Audio Link 5.1: Judge Regrets Harsh Human Toll of Mandatory Minimum Sentences
Description: The challenges with mandatory minimums are discussed.

Audio Link 5.2: High Court Expands Defendants' Plea Bargain Rights
Description: For the first time, the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that defendants have a constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel in plea bargains.

Video Link 5.1: Walgreens Robber Sentence Reduced to Shock Probation
Description: An Abilene man convicted in a 2014 robbery of Wichita Falls drug store has a new sentence. Andrew Reynolds was originally sentenced to 8-years in prison for the robbery of the Walgreens located at 9th and Brook

Video Link 5.2: Man in revenge porn case gets "split sentence"
Description: A judge Monday affirmed an 18-year sentence for a "revenge porn" defendant who extorted thousands of dollars from women after posting their nude and sexually explicit photos on his website, but modified the term to allow his release from custody after eight years

Video Link 5.3: Thousands released early from prison under new sentencing guidelines
Description: Video highlights the release of thousands under the new sentencing guidelines.

Web Link 5.1: Victim Impact Statement
Description: Website for the National Center for Victims of Crime

Web Link 5.4: United States Sentencing Commission
Description: Website for the United States Sentencing Commission

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

Audio Link 6.1: The 'Shock Of Confinement': The Grim Reality Of Suicide In Jail
Description: The case of Sandra Bland has raised anger and suspicions nationwide since she was found dead in a jail cell in Hempstead, Texas, two weeks ago.

Audio Link 6.2: Enforcing Prison Rape Elimination Standards Proves Tricky
Description: On a recent day at the Maryland Correctional Institution for Women, inmates in jumpsuits peek out of their cells to see three men with clipboards walk into the housing unit. These men are auditors doing a practice inspection. They're here to see if the facility complies with a federal law called the Prison Rape Elimination Act, or PREA.

Video Link 6.1: Health services changes in Washington State Department of Corrections

Video Link 6.2: Elderly prisoners up 250 percent: Should they be released to save money?
Description: On Monday, President Obama rolled out a plan focused on “rehabilitation and reintegration for the formerly incarcerated.”

Video Link 6.3: Woman dies while in custody of Davis County Jail; family protests
Description: A family is preparing to sue the Davis County Jail after their mother died while in custody.

Web Link 6.1: American Jail Association
Description: Website for the American Jail Association

Web Link 6.2: Reentry Programs
Description: Website for the Bureau of Prisons Reentry Programs

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Audio Link 7.1: States Try Out Courts Tailored for Mentally Ill
Description: In an effort to stop the repeated cycling of mentally ill people through courts and prisons, some states are setting up special courts for the mentally ill.

Audio Link 7.2: New Minn. Court Handles Vets Accused Of Crimes
Description: In Minnesota, a special court aimed at helping vets avoid jail time will launch this summer, and police officers are being trained to identify veterans with combat-related issues before they end up in court

Video Link 7.1: Former heroin addict thanks Drug Court program for saving his life
Description: The heroin epidemic claimed more than 30 lives over the course of a week in Central Virginia, now a former addict wants to share his story, on how a local drug program saved his life

Video Link 7.2: Experimental housing for vets changes lives, reduces violence

Video Link 7.3: For veterans in legal trouble, special courts can help
Description: Video highlights the Veterans Court

Web Link 7.1: Drug Courts
Description: Website for the National Association of Drug Court Professionals

Web Link 7.2: Domestic Violence Courts
Description: Website for the National Institute of Justice

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Audio Link 8.1: Meant To Keep Youths Out Of Detention, Probation Often Leads Them There
Description: Juvenile justice reformers have tried for years to figure out what works to help rehabilitate youth in trouble, and a recent shift away from locking kids up has been at the forefront of reform efforts. One of the most common alternatives to incarceration is to order kids directly into probation, instead of juvenile hall.

Audio Link 8.2: After Thousands Of Inmates Released Early, Probation Officers Will Be Watching
Description: Over the past few days, thousands of federal inmates have been leaving prison early and returning to their communities, the result of changes to sentencing guidelines for drug-related crimes. And this has raised a question. Who will be monitoring the former inmates?

Video Link 8.1: Rural community corrections officers go the extra mile

Video Link 8.2: Offender credits DOC course for changing his behavior

Video Link 8.3: Inside the mind of an offender in the work release program, why some escape when their time is almost up
Description: Video highlights an offenders experience in the work release program

Video Link 8.5: The Neuroscience of Restorative Justice
Description: Daniel Reisel studies the brains of criminal psychopaths (and mice). And he asks a big question: Instead of warehousing these criminals, shouldn't we be using what we know about the brain to help them rehabilitate? Put another way: If the brain can grow new neural pathways after an injury ... could we help the brain re-grow morality?

Web Link 8.1: American Probation and Parole Association
Description: Website for the American Probation and Parole Association

Web Link 8.2: Restorative Justice
Description: Website for Restorative Justice

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

Audio Link 9.1: Doubling Up Prisoners In 'Solitary' Creates Deadly Consequences
Description: An investigation by NPR and The Marshall Project, a news organization that specializes in criminal justice, found that this practice — called double celling — is widespread in state and federal prisons. And as we learned, those cellmates often fight, attack and, sometimes, kill.

Audio Link 9.2: Prison Rape
Description: Prison Rape Law A Decade Old, But Most States Not In Compliance

Video Link 9.1: Life in a Supermax Prison
Description: If Dzhokhar Tsarnaev is sent to the United States Penitentiary Administrative-Maximum Facility in Florence, Colorado, he'll be cut off from the world. See what life is like for inmates inside a Supermax prison.

Video Link 9.2: Responding to offenders’ needs motivates behavior change

Video Link 9.3: Prison Guards
Description: An urgent bulletin is going out to law enforcement Wednesday, warning of a new threat of attacks against officers on the street and in prisons.

Video Link 9.4: Prison gang violence reduction strategy

Video Link 9.5: Group violence reduction strategy shows positive results in Washington state prison

Web Link 9.1: Prison Security Levels
Description: Website for the Federal Bureau of Prisons

Web Link 9.2: Deprivation in Prison
Description: Prisoners Allege Claims of Deprivation, Physical and Sexual Abuse

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

Audio Link 10.1: The Hidden Discrimination In Criminal Risk-Assessment Scores
Description: Courtrooms across the country are increasingly using a defendant's "risk assessment score" to help make decisions about bond, parole and sentencing. The companies behind these scores say they help predict whether a defendant will commit more crimes in the future. NPR's Kelly McEvers talks with Julia Angwin of ProPublica about a new investigation into risk assessment scores.

Audio Link 10.2: Supreme Court Weighs Legality Of Strip Searches

Video Link 10.1: Modern Classification Systems
Description: This video documents the prison intake process for newly-arrived inmates

Video Link 10.2: Laws That Allowed Escaped Murderer Outside Prison Walls
Description: Video highlights some of the issues with classification

Video Link 10.3: Offender change at Washington State Department of Corrections

Web Link 10.1: Prisoner Intake Systems
Description: National Institute of Corrections handout on classification and needs assessment

Web Link 10.2: Objective Jail Classification Systems
Description: Website for the National Institute of Corrections

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

Audio Link 11.1: In 2016, States Expected To Ramp Up Ideas To Solve Opiate Abuse
Description: This report documents systematic challenges to substance abuse treatment programs in prison, including overcrowding and wait lists.

Audio Link 11.2: Inmates' Jobs, From Call Centers To Paint Mixing

Video Link 11.1: Using evidence-based corrections in Washington State Department of Corrections

Video Link 11.2: Teaching social skills to prison inmates

Video Link 11.3: Dog training program encourages interaction, changes lives at Washington State Penitentiary

Video Link 11.4: Reality Check: Minnesota’s Sex Offender Treatment Program
Description: Minnesota’s sex offender treatment program is getting sharp scrutiny after a federal judge ruled it unconstitutional.

Video Link 11.5: Marion Co. Sheriff runs the largest mental illness facility in Indianapolis: the jail
Description: The Marion County Sheriff houses the largest population of mental illness patients in Indianapolis.

Web Link 11.1: Drug Treatment Programs
Description: This report documents systematic challenges to substance abuse treatment programs in prison, including overcrowding and wait lists.

Web Link 11.2: Prison Education Project
Description: Website for the Prisoner Education Project

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

Audio Link 12.1: The Role of Institutional Parole Officers
Description: This NPR story discusses how people sentenced to life in prison adjust to parole and community supervision.

Audio Link 12.2: Minnesota Judge Considers Sending ISIS Recruits To Halfway House
Description: A judge told five young men who are accused of trying to join the self-declared Islamic State that he would consider transferring them to a halfway house if they participated in a rehab program.

Video Link 12.1: WKYT Investigates: State senator wants parole board abolished
Description: Video highlights the issues concerning the parole release of an inmate who killed a police officer.

Video Link 12.2: Youngest Charles Manson follower receives parole recommendation
Description: Leslie Van Houten was 19 when she was arrested for two murders she committed as a member of Charles Manson's infamous "Family" cult. Now, after serving 46 years in prison, a panel has recommended her for parole.

Video Link 12.3: Offenders chart path to good jobs with CAD training

Video Link 12.4: Offenders hone interview skills with help from real employers

Web Link 12.1: U.S. Parole Commission
Description: Website for the United States Parole Commission

Web Link 12.2: American Probation and Parole Association
Description: Website for the American Probation and Parole Association

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

Audio Link 13.1: What Does the Justice Department's Decision to End Private Prisons Mean for the Future?
Description: In an Idaho prison, surveillance cameras catch one inmate beating another, with guards standing by. Now, the assault of Hanni Elabed is raising questions about how a prison's private management is protecting inmates under its roof.

Audio Link 13.2: In Wake Of Riot, Ariz. Governor Fires For-Profit Prison Firm
Description: The Department of Justice announced it will be ending the use of private prisons. Writer David Dayen, who has looked at the history of private prisons talks about this decision.

Video Link 13.1: Five years of struggle, success at Washington State Penitentiary

Video Link 13.2: Motivational interviewing in intensive management units

Video Link 13.3: Motivating offender change

Video Link 13.4: White House drug czar describes prison program as national leader
Description: The White House drug czar on Tuesday toured Rhode Island's women's prison and heard from inmates about a program that he described as a national "leader" in providing medication-assisted treatment for addiction

Video Link 13.4: In the Gay Wing of L.A. Men's Central Jail, It's Not Shanks and Muggings But Hand-Sewn Gowns and Tears
Description: With rouged lips, long hair and a strut that would give Naomi Campbell pause, Dave Williams, 47, works the 75-foot runway that stretches between crowded rows of green chipped-paint bunk beds at the L.A. County Sheriff’s Men’s Central Jail.

Web Link 13.1: Prison Bureaucracies
Description: Article highlights the bureaucracy of prisons

Web Link 13.2: Private Prisons
Description: ACLU webpage for Private Prisons

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

Audio Link 14.1: States Face Correctional Officer Shortage Amid A Cultural Stigma
Description: More than 1.3 million people are incarcerated in state prisons in this country, and keeping those prisons running requires tens of thousands of corrections officers. But right now, some states are facing major staffing shortages.

Audio Link 14.2: New York Corrections Officers Convicted In Inmate Assault
Description: NPR's Ari Shapiro speaks with Bronx County District Attorney Darcel Clark about the conviction of four New York corrections officers and a former chief of security for assaulting an inmate and attempting to cover it up.

Video Link 14.1: Stanford prison experiment continues to shock
Description: Forty years ago a group of students hoping to make a bit of holiday money turned up at a basement in Stanford University, California, for what was to become one of the most notorious experiments in the study of human psychology.

Video Link 14.2: Community corrections cfficer of the year Marko Anderson

Video Link 14.3: Correctional officers on the front lines in evidence-based programs

Video Link 14.4: Driving results with staff feedback

Video Link 14.5: Alarming number of corrections officers driven to suicide
Description: More than a dozen corrections officers have taken their lives over recent years in a heartbreaking and disturbing trend, and 5 Investigates digs deeper into what's pushing them over the edge.

Web Link 14.1: Career as a Correctional Officer
Description: Website for Correctional Officer

Web Link 14.2: Applying for a Correctional Officer position
Description: California webpage for correctional officer application

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

Audio Link 15.1: Number of Incarcerated Women on Rise
Description: While serving time in prison, nine female inmates at a Tennessee prison earned associate degrees. Wearing caps and gowns to a graduation ceremony, they say their degrees have given new meaning to their lives

Audio Link 15.2: Female Prison Inmates Trained To Start Businesses
Description: Former convicts can have a difficult time finding a job, especially when the economy is weak.

Video Link 15.1: Issues Related to the Modern-Day Female Offender Population
Description: This interview with Piper Kerman, author of "Orange is the New Black" discusses a range of issues that confront women in the justice system.

Video Link 15.2: Why offer gender-specific items in the commissary?

Video Link 15.3: Female Offenders as Mothers
Description: This video explores the stories of how incarceration impacts the relationships between incarcerated mothers and their children.

Video Link 15.4: Parenting in prison

Video Link 15.5: Female Correctional Officers
Description: In a prison with mostly male inmates, female CO's must always be on high alert for suspicious behavior

Web Link 15.1: National Resource Center on Justice Involved Women
Description: Website for the National Resource Center on Justice Involved Women

Web Link 15.2: Women’s Prison Association
Description: Website for the Women's Prison Association

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Learning objective 16.1: Define race, ethnicity, disparity, and discrimination

Audio Link 16.1: DOJ Report Finds Biased Law Enforcement Tactics In Baltimore
Description: A U.S. Justice Department investigation found sweeping patterns of racial bias within the Ferguson, Missouri, police department according to law enforcement officials familiar with the report

Audio Link 16.2: One Lawyer's Fight For Young Blacks And 'Just Mercy'
Description: The Justice Department won't prosecute a former Ferguson, Missouri, police officer in the shooting death of an unarmed black man, but in a scathing report faulted the city and its law enforcement for racial bias and unconstitutional practices

Video Link 16.1: Is 'driving while black' a systemic problem?
Description: CNN's Ryan Young takes a closer look at the belief that some drivers are racially profiled and pulled over for no other reason.

Video Link 16.2: Activists Want New Law to Curb Racial Profiling
Description: A judge dismissed the final challenge to Arizona's controversial SB 1070 immigration law.  But, opponents aren't backing down.

Web Link 16.1: Racial Disparity
Description: Website for the Sentencing Project

Web Link 16.2: NAACP
​Description: Website for the NAACP

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

Audio Link 17.1: Juvenile Incarceration Rates Are Down; Racial Disparities Rise
Description:  Fewer young people are being locked up than in the past. In fact, the number of juvenile offenders behind bars in the U.S. has hit record lows. That comes amid broader debate over just how many Americans of all ages end up in prison. But if the total number of juveniles in custody is dropping, the drop is not the same for everybody. The system is giving harsher penalties to minorities and to girls.

Audio Link 17.2: Treatment of Juveniles
Description: Study: Judges Treat Juveniles of the Same Race as Themselves More Harshly

Video Link 17.1: When Kids Get Life
Description: In When Kids Get Life, FRONTLINE producer Ofra Bikel (The O.J. Verdict, Innocence Lost) travels to Colorado to profile five individuals sentenced to life without parole as juveniles.

Video Link 17.2: Montgomery vs. Louisiana
Description: U.S. Supreme Court ruling on life sentences for juvenile killers stirs up painful Madison County cases

Video Link 17.3: Neighborhood corrections initiative

Web Link 17.1: Juvenile Justice
Description: Website for the Coalition  for Juvenile Justice

Web Link 17.2: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Description: Website for the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

Audio Link 18.1: Bill Of Rights Series: The Eighth Amendment
Description: Join Ray Suarez as Talk of the Nation continues its series on the Bill of Rights with a discussion of the Eighth Amendment and its four famous words: "cruel and unusual punishment." Ray will talk with a woman who is serving a life sentence in prison for her very first offense and one of the first to be sentenced to life for drugs in Michigan. He'll also talk with his panel of experts about issues such as prison overcrowding, chain gangs, and the death penalty.

Audio Link 18.2: Supreme Court Rules On 2 Prisoner Rights Cases
Description: The court ruled: It was wrong to force a Muslim inmate to shave a beard he regarded as a religious obligation, and a death row inmate shouldn't be denied an appeal because lawyers missed a deadline.

Video Link 18.1: How I defend the Rule of Law
Description: Every human deserves protection under their country’s laws — even when that law is forgotten or ignored. Sharing three cases from her international legal practice, Kimberley Motley, an American litigator practicing in Afghanistan and elsewhere, shows how a country’s own laws can bring both justice and “justness”: using the law for its intended purpose, to protect.

Video Link 18.2: Four Ways to Fix a Broken Legal System
Description: The land of the free has become a legal minefield, says Philip K. Howard — especially for teachers and doctors, whose work has been paralyzed by fear of suits. What's the answer? A lawyer himself, Howard has four propositions for simplifying US law.

Web Link 18.1: Prisoners' Rights
Description: ACLU webpage on Prisoners' Rights

Web Link 18.2: Prisoner Health and Human Rights
Description: Website for the Center of Prisoners Health and Human Rights

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

Audio Link 19.1: Death Penalty Expert On Why Lethal Injection Is So Problematic
Description: A virtual tour of California Dept. of Corrections’ execution chamber.

Audio Link 19.2: California's Death Penalty Declared Unconstitutional
Description: Tennessee Governor Bill Haslam signed a new law that re-introduces the electric chairs as a form of execution should lethal injection drugs become unavailable. Critics argue the move is a step back

Video Link 19.1: Inside a Death Chamber
Description: A virtual tour of California Dept. of Corrections’ execution chamber.

Video Link 19.2: 2015 Was A Historic Year For The Death Penalty In America
Description: Fewer people were sentenced to death than at any time since the ‘70s.

Web Link 19.1: Death Penalty Information Center
Description: Website for the Death Penalty Information Center

Web Link 19.2: Costs of the Death Penalty
Description: The Death Penalty Information Center website page that discusses the costs of the death penalty

Click on the following links. Please note these will open in a new window.

Audio Link 20.1: China Sentences Professor Accused Of Separatist Activities
Description: China sentenced Ilham Tohti, an advocate for the mostly Muslim minority Uighers, to life in prison after a closed-door trial. His daughter, Jewher Ilham, who lives in Indiana, talks to Steve Inske.

Audio Link 20.2: Saudi Arabia Executes Dozens, Exacerbating Sectarian Tensions
Description: The country executed 47 people today, including a prominent cleric for the minority Shia in the Kingdom. Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr was a vocal critic of the Saudi monarchy and was arrested in 2012.

Video Link 20.1: Tougher penalties proposed for carrying a knife
Description: People caught carrying knives in the street will be jailed for longer under new proposals

Video Link 20.2: France hands Carlos the Jackal another life prison term

Web Link 20.1: International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Description: Website for the International Court of Justice (ICJ)

Web Link 20.2: International Crimes Database
Description: Website for the International Crimes Database

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Audio Link 21.1: Why For-Profit Prisons House More Inmates Of Color
Description: A new study by a UC-Berkeley graduate student has surprised a number of experts in the criminology field. Its main finding: Private prisons are packed with young people of color

Audio Link 21.2: Who Benefits When A Private Prison Comes To Town?
Description: Federal and state officials are increasingly contracting private companies to run prisons and immigration detention centers. Critics have long questioned the quality of private prisons and the promises of economic benefits where they are built. But proponents say private prisons not only save taxpayers money, but they also generate income for the surrounding community.

Video Link 21.1: The Future of Corrections
Description: This video discusses potential criminal justice reform efforts, including releasing elderly inmates.

Video Link 21.2: Sustainable practices lab at the Washington State Penitentiary gives back to community

Video Link 21.3: Sustainability in prisons

Video Link 21.4: Prisons for Profit
Description: Corporations are running many American prisons -- are they putting profits before prisoners?

Web Link 21.1: Using the federal budget to fuel decarceration
Description: Article discusses decarceration

Web Link 21.2: A World without Prisons
Description: Imagining A World Without Prisons For Communities Defined By Them