After finishing this chapter, you should be able to:

1.1 Identify the paths on which a crime may be handled in the criminal justice system.

1.2 Summarize why consensus for an exact definition of crime is difficult and why crime definitions may change over time.

1.3 Review the five perspectives of the criminal justice system.

1.4 Critique how the consensus and conflict models help and hinder public policy.

1.5 Identify key elements in the relationship between crime and the media.

1.6 Distinguish how the fear of crime and actual risk of being victimized are often misinterpreted by the public.

1.7 Differentiate between criminal justice and criminology.

After finishing this chapter, you should be able to:

2.1 Identify how crime is measured in the United States.

2.2 Summarize the many issues that make counting crime difficult.

2.3 Identify and criticize the major sources of national crime data in the United States.

2.4 Review the advantages and disadvantages of each source of national crime data used to measure crime in the United States.

2.5 Summarize the nature and extent of violent, property, and white-collar crime in the United States.

2.6 Identify the difficulties inherent in recognizing and measuring cybercrime, terrorism, and white-collar crime.

2.7 Demonstrate an understanding of criminological theories used to explain crime and criminality.

After finishing this chapter, you should be able to:

3.1 Summarize the historical development of the law and explain the reforms introduced by the Classical School.

3.2 Identify the basic principles associated with the rule of law.

3.3 Compare the two main sources of criminal law: common law and constitutional law.

3.4 Explain the goals of the law and distinguish between the different types of law.

3.5 Definite the elements of a crime and two main classifications of crime.

3.6 Differentiate misdemeanors and felonies.

3.7 Review the types of criminal defenses available to defendants.

3.8 Discuss how legal standards and practices have evolved in recent history.

3.9 Distinguish the importance of victim rights and their role in the criminal justice system.

After finishing this chapter, you should be able to:

4.1 Summarize the influence of early English policing on policing and the increasing professionalization of policing in the United States over time.

4.2 Identify how the nature of policing in the United States has changed over time.

4.3 Evaluate the contributions of August Vollmer and the International Association of Chiefs of Police to policing in the United States.

4.4 Review the role of women and minorities in early policing.

4.5 Identify the sources and consequences of the unrest in policing during the 1960s and 1970s.

4.6 Summarize how policing has become more than just law enforcement, and offer ideas as to the direction of the future of policing in the United States.

After finishing this chapter, you should be able to:

5.1 Describe the organization and structure of a typical police department and summarize the responsibilities of patrol.

5.2 Discuss public perceptions of how and when police officers decide to use lethal force and how they differ from reality.

5.3 Identify unique characteristics of the subculture of policing.

5.4 Differentiate community policing from traditional approaches.

5.5 Discuss the main tenets of intelligence-led/evidence-based policing.

5.6 Summarize the relationship between the use of force by an officer and a suspect’s behavior.

5.7 Prepare arguments for and against the use of new technologies in police work.

After finishing this chapter, you should be able to:

6.1 Explain the importance of law enforcement interactions with the courts.

6.2 Describe the major issues related to due process, especially as it relates to search and seizure.

6.3 Identify how technology has changed law enforcement tactics.

6.4 Identify how and when a search or arrest warrant can be obtained.

6.5 Provide examples of court decisions that have limited police searches and seizures and the associated concepts, such as probable cause, reasonable suspicion, and the exclusionary rule.

6.6 Identify the major landmark cases related directly to how police conduct searches, with an emphasis on warrants.

6.7 Summarize cases related to the right to counsel at trial.

After finishing this chapter, you should be able to:

7.1 Identify the basic federal and state court structures and jurisdictions.

7.2 Discuss the purpose and procedures of the U.S. Supreme Court.

7.3 Distinguish between limited and general jurisdiction courts.

7.4 Identify the problems associated with court congestion.

7.5 Describe the types and objectives of problem-solving courts.

7.6 Summarize the selection and role of judges.

7.7 Discuss the history and importance of diversity in the judiciary.

7.8 Name the positive and negative aspects of delayed trials.

After finishing this chapter, you should be able to:

8.1 Explain the roles and responsibilities of prosecutors and defense attorneys.

8.2 Summarize the similarities and differences in the responsibilities of federal- and state-level prosecutors.

8.3 Identify how and why defense lawyers are able to defend a person who may be guilty.

8.4 Describe the positive and negative aspects of plea bargaining.

8.5 Summarize the considerations used by the court to determine if bail is appropriate.

8.6 Identify the procedures related to discovery, motions, and scheduling undertaken before trial.

8.7 Explain how jurors are selected and why the role of the jury is essential to the courts.

8.8 Summarize issues of diversity among defendants, jurors, and those sentenced for crimes.

After finishing this chapter, you should be able to:

9.1 Describe the purpose and process of criminal trials, including capital trials.

9.2 Summarize the purpose of juries, including the process by which they reach a verdict, as well as types of outcomes.

9.3 Summarize how sentencing has changed over time and the advantages and disadvantages of different methods of sentencing.

9.4 Differentiate the policy implications and costs of various sentencing alternatives in the United States.

9.5 Identify how capital cases differ from noncapital criminal cases, and explain why capital cases are more expensive than noncapital cases.

9.6 Identify the victim’s role in criminal cases over time and rights gained by victims, specifically what victim impact statements are, how they are given, and the role they play in the criminal justice system.

After finishing this chapter, you should be able to:

10.1 Summarize the history and current state of corrections in the community, including identifying recent innovations.

10.2 Identify the purpose, goals, and different types of community corrections.

10.3 Critique the benefits of corrections in the community over incarceration for offenders, family members of the offenders, victims, and the overall community.

10.4 Critically examine net widening and understand detrimental issues associated with it.

10.5 Evaluate the rights of victims regarding offenders serving corrections in the community.

10.6 Assess the role of a probation officer.

10.7 Demonstrate an understanding of the role of technology in community corrections.

After finishing this chapter, you should be able to:

11.1 Summarize the history of institutional corrections.

11.2 Evaluate the current perspectives in institutional corrections.

11.3 Discuss the state of contemporary jails in the United States.

11.4 Differentiate how incarcerated women and minorities have been dealt with in the United States and how incarceration differs for male and female inmates and minorities.

11.5 Assess the differences in security levels in prisons and the institutions designed to deal with each.

11.6 Identify advances in technology in institutional corrections and the benefits technology offers.

After finishing this chapter, you should be able to:

12.1 Describe the conditions and attitudes influencing prison subcultures.

12.2 Identify the five pains of imprisonment and explain how they shape inmate behavior.

12.3 List the advantages and disadvantages of solitary confinement.

12.4 Identify and propose measures that can be used to control prison violence.

12.5 Discuss challenges faced by inmates and prison staff.

12.6 Evaluate the methods through which successful reentry might be achieved.

After finishing this chapter, you should be able to:

13.1 Describe the history of the juvenile justice system, and why the doctrine of parens patriae shapes and maintains the current system.

13.2 Define the important concepts and terminology found in the juvenile justice system, and summarize important Supreme Court cases with respect to juvenile rights.

13.3 Evaluate current rates of juvenile offenses and the differences in offending patterns for girls and minorities.

13.4 Describe the various steps in the juvenile justice system, and how they are similar to and different from steps in the adult system.

13.5 Identify the rights of victims of juvenile delinquency, and how they differ from victims of crimes committed by adults.

After finishing this chapter, you should be able to:

14.1 Summarize terrorism, human and sex trafficking, and hate crimes and explain how these crimes differ from other types of violence.

14.2 Differentiate between international and domestic terrorism, and provide examples.

14.3 Assess the differences in hate crimes and other types of crimes and why this difference is important.

14.4 Differentiate transnational crime from other types of crime.

14.5 Consider the relationship between forensic science and the criminal justice system.

14.6 Criticize the influence of the CSI effect and tech effect and how they influence policy and the public’s perceptions about crime, victims, offenders, and members of the criminal justice system.

14.7 Demonstrate an understanding about violence against college students, and how it differs from college campus violence.