The specified file temporary://fileGnXJBU could not be copied, because the destination directory is not properly configured. This may be caused by a problem with file or directory permissions. More information is available in the system log.
The specified file temporary://fileguVTRs could not be copied, because the destination directory is not properly configured. This may be caused by a problem with file or directory permissions. More information is available in the system log.
The specified file temporary://fileVBnVmn could not be copied, because the destination directory is not properly configured. This may be caused by a problem with file or directory permissions. More information is available in the system log.
The specified file temporary://filemKWnY4 could not be copied, because the destination directory is not properly configured. This may be caused by a problem with file or directory permissions. More information is available in the system log.
The specified file temporary://fileMW9vdj could not be copied, because the destination directory is not properly configured. This may be caused by a problem with file or directory permissions. More information is available in the system log.
The specified file temporary://filevYnwRT could not be copied, because the destination directory is not properly configured. This may be caused by a problem with file or directory permissions. More information is available in the system log.
The specified file temporary://filePLNrYE could not be copied, because the destination directory is not properly configured. This may be caused by a problem with file or directory permissions. More information is available in the system log.
The specified file temporary://filetGH6ZG could not be copied, because the destination directory is not properly configured. This may be caused by a problem with file or directory permissions. More information is available in the system log.
The specified file temporary://fileV7OKOw could not be copied, because the destination directory is not properly configured. This may be caused by a problem with file or directory permissions. More information is available in the system log.
The specified file temporary://filekVnA2r could not be copied, because the destination directory is not properly configured. This may be caused by a problem with file or directory permissions. More information is available in the system log.
The specified file temporary://filejsYUiP could not be copied, because the destination directory is not properly configured. This may be caused by a problem with file or directory permissions. More information is available in the system log.
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Learning Objectives

Define and distinguish between conceptualization, operationalization, and an indicator.
Identify the different forms of single questions and response choices.
Explain the rationale for creating multi-item indexes, and discuss the issues that should always be explored about indexes.
Give examples of the four levels of measurement.
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of the four approaches to testing the validity of measures.
Define four basic methods of evaluating reliability.
Understand the difference between measurement validity and reliability.

The Practice of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice

Student Resources

Learning Objectives