Chapter 4: Contemporary Classical and Deterrence Research

1. Explain the various types of research performed from the 1960s to the present to determine whether perceptions of sanctions had a significant impact on individual decisions to commit crimes.

2. Name the components of rational choice theory that were not included or emphasized by traditional Classical/deterrence theory in explaining criminal behavior.

3. Compare and contrast formal and informal sanctions.

4. List the three key elements of routine activities theory and be able to articulate which of the elements you think is most important.

5. Describe which types of individuals are most likely to be deterred from committing most crimes, as well as which types of people are least likely to be deterred.

6. Provide examples of modern-day applications and policies that most apply Beccaria's principles and the Classical school.