A group of teens approach another person. A confrontation ensues and all but one of the teens attack and beat the person. The teen that did not attack the person did not encourage or assist the group in any way. Can he be held liable as a party of crime?
Yes, according to the bystander rule.
Yes, his emotional support can be assumed.
No, he would have had to strike the person to be held as a party.
No, according to the mere presence rule.
