Select a Chapter to start the quiz.
According to the book, what is the category of litigation in which the Court has been less willing to strike down sex-based laws?
cases where men are discriminated against
cases where the discrimination makes the administrative work of the state easier
cases involving higher education
cases involving physical differences between men and women
On what grounds did Justices Brennan, White, Marshall, and Blackmun disagree with Powell’s majority opinion in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke?
the use of the 14th Amendment
the use of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
the use of strict scrutiny instead of intermediate scrutiny
all of these
What was significant about the Court’s decision in Graham v. Richardson?
The Court ruled resident aliens are not entitled to equal protection guarantees.
The Court allowed states to deny certain job opportunities to resident aliens.
The Court accorded suspect-class status to non-citizens.
The Court said the rational basis test should be used in all cases involving non-citizens.
What future Supreme Court Justice argued before the Court in Reed v. Reed?
Thurgood Marshall
Sandra Day O’Connor
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Antonin Scalia
In Craig v. Boren, what test did a majority of the Court agree on for examining sex discrimination cases?
heightened scrutiny test
strict scrutiny test
rational basis test
none of these
Which Amendment, known as the Equal Rights Amendment, states, “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex?”
13th
15th
18th
Which of the following statements is True?
Although federal laws prohibit various forms of discrimination based on race and sex, no law explicitly protects homosexuals.
While Americans’ views about blacks and women have changed since the early 1970s, they have remained more stable, and negative, towards gays and lesbians.
The 1996 Defense of Marriage Act permits states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states.
In discrimination cases based on economic status, what test has the Court used when a “fundamental” right, such as the right to vote, is involved?
The Court has not used any type of test in cases based on economic status.
Which of the following characteristics makes an affirmative action or minority set-aside program less likely to be found constitutional?
It is narrowly tailored to achieve a compelling government interest.
It is designed to assist any minority group, whether or not the group has been the victim of illegal discrimination.
It is imposed by a federal court as a remedy for demonstrated constitutional violations.
It avoids the use of quotas.
What did the Court decide in Minor v. Happersett that was overturned by the 19th Amendment?
women’s right to work
women’s right to be lawyers
women’s right to vote
women’s right to own property
What level of scrutiny did the Court initially apply to discrimination based on sexual orientation?
strict scrutiny
rational basis
heightened scrutiny
the 15th Amendment
If a right is considered fundamental the Court applies ______.
