Desmond, Papachristos, and Kirk (2016) state that: “In studying the effects of highly publicized cases of police misconduct on citizen crime reporting, our study also investigates a way in which police conduct might lead to a reluctance to cooperate with formal law enforcement agencies.” (p. 859) What challenge to establishing a causal relationship between police misconduct and crime reporting are the authors suggesting here?
a. casual mechanism
b. time order
c. association
d. association
e. casual context
